Capitalism Vs. Socialism The Transitional Period Between...

Capitalism versus Socialism In the theories developed by Karl Marx, socialism is considered the transitional period between capitalism and communism. For a long time, capitalism versus socialism has been argued and debated. Socialism is an economic system in which goods and services are provided through a central system of government and aims to make everyone equal. They have different forms of socialism that have different beliefs. Some of the biggest disadvantages of socialism are that it relies on the cooperative effort of the people to work. Another downside would be that the people would be as innovative in a socialist society. But in this society, no one lives in poverty and the people work at what they are best at and what they†¦show more content†¦Socialists reward those who treat money poorly and penalize those who treat money well. Another disadvantage is that because everyone earns the same amount, not many people would be as innovative as a capitalistic society. Socialism is unassumingly li mited, so that if workers are done with this type of economic system, the people could try and overthrow the government. Another issue is inflation, socialism by itself cannot. Usually, the socialists in power view money as morally bad and don’t consider that money is a limited resource. As a consequence, a lot of socialists that gain power rapidly increase public debts and print money to finance their actions. â€Å"Without fundamental reform to restore a stable currency and private incentives, the people of Venezuela will continue to suffer. Venezuela is at the mercy of world oil prices, despite sitting on top of the world’s largest proven oil reserves. Chà ¡vez implemented policies to expand access to housing, education, medical care, and food and paid for them with revenue from oil exports. This complete dependence on oil left Venezuela vulnerable to changes in its price. In 2014, oil prices began a steep decline, falling from over $100 a barrel in the summer of 2014 to a low of around $33 dollars a barrel in early 2016. Printing money closed the budget shortfall. Hyperinflation took hold, destroying the savings ofShow MoreRelatedSocialism And The Current System Of Capitalism1500 Words   |  6 PagesSocialism in America With it being an election year there have been many questions being raised about politics and the policies that go with each candidate, especially about socialism and what it all entails. While there are many people that would like to have a Socialistic Government, these are the people that do not fully understand what it means. In this paper I will show you why socialism will be the death to America and why we need to keep our current system of capitalism. There is a quoteRead MoreMarxism and Communism Christian Communism4953 Words   |  20 PagesIntroduction Communism is a social structure in which classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society.Karl Marx, the father of communist thought, posited that communism would be the final stage in society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only possible after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and servicesRead MoreTrade Union Movement in India9224 Words   |  37 Pagesdefinition still holds good so far as actual practices of unions are concerned. Under the Trade Union Act, 1926, this term is defined as any combination whether temporary or permanent, formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers, or imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or business, and includes any federation of two or more trade unions. In other words, the term union applies not only to combination and associations of employeesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesopening decades of the twentieth century and a major break from the prevailing dynamics of the cold war. In addition to the problems posed for conceptualizing the twentieth century as a discrete era of world history due to overlap with the preceding period and disconcertingly radical shifts in the course of global development in the 1900s, contradictory forces and trends, which perhaps more than any other attribute distinguish this turbulent phase of the human experience, render it impervious to

Phillis Wheatley Poem On Religion - 1527 Words

Reading the works of Phillis Wheatley are more so confused on the high praise that she bestows upon the Europeans that we know have taken her from her homeland due to the enslavement of the African people. Her passion to write about the importance of the Christian religion is reflected in her work including her poem â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America.† In this poem, she explains her appreciation for the white race. Being of the enslaved people during this time, is puzzling to read such things but intrigues one to comprehensively understand why she feels this way. She touches on different themes such as race, religion, and self-identity. Wheatley makes a bold statement to express how being introduced to Christianity has modified her†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Taught my benighted soul to understand (2).† Although what she fully understands isn’t stated into detail in the poem. Whats important is that she feels like mercy in her life is, in a g ood way, is responsible for taking her from home and enlightening her soul. Mercy is now used as a symbol for the Europeans as if they represented compassion, forgiveness and all things good. Benighted means to be overcome with darkness, or to be morally and intellectually in the dark. She uses a metaphor to compare her life before being introduced to Christianity to being dark as the night. If her soul is dark, then we know shes saying that, before mercy, her soul was in cold, unsaved, pagan, or unaware. It could be saying that her life was dull and incomplete in a sense; she had nothing to live for until now. There is an emphasis on her soul to where she explains her soul was taught to understand because she was oblivious to the things that the whites knew before she was taken. She goes further to state what mercy taught her: that God exists, God saves, and he is all in all. â€Å"That there’s a God, that there’s a Saviour too (3).† Wheatley’s tone is sincere, and shes explains the contrast between Pagan and Saviour. Through mercy, she was taken from the Pagan land and taught that theres a God who can save her from sin, and can redeem her benighted soul. Instead of repeating GodShow MoreRelatedThe Colonization Of The Americas Became A Time Of Growth Of Independence And Religious Freedoms1524 Words   |  7 Pagesindependence and religious freedoms. People began separating from the original religious sects and began searching for other ways of worship. These included revivals, outdoor sermons, and more inclusive baptisms. This allowed more people to experience religion, allowing people to decide for themselves which way of worship was right for them. Along with growing religious independence, the nation itself began to establish itself as a unified entity. The colonies began thinking of independence, away fromRead MoreThe Beginning Of The 19th Century1520 Words   |  7 Pagescentury in America became a time of growth of independence and religious freedoms. People began searching for developing other ways of worship, including revivals, outdoor sermons, and more inclusive baptisms. This enabled more people to experience religion, allowing people to decide for themselves which way of worship was right for them. Along with growing religious independence, the nation itself began to establish itself as a unified entity. The colonies began thinking of independence, away fromRead MorePhillis Wheatley : A Pioneer Of American Poetry1310 Words   |  6 PagesPhillis Wheatley: A Pioneer of American Poetry Phillis Wheatley was an American figure unlike any other at her time. In a time where slavery was the normal, Ms. Wheatley was a revolutionary figure. She was not revolutionary because she was one of the enslaved but because she was one of the enslaved that knew how to read and write, becoming a published author. Women at the time of Phillis Wheatley were oppressed into submission to social norms. It was almost unheard of for a woman to write poetryRead MorePhillis Wheatley an Ex-African1082 Words   |  5 Pages9-11:45am 25 March 2011 Phillis Wheatley an Ex-African Phillis Wheatley born in Gambia, Africa in 1753 was the first early African American slave poet. â€Å"A kidnapped African slave child, aged about seven years old† (Lauter 1297), she was brought to Boston where she was sold to John and Susanna Wheatley. Phillis Wheatley’s first name was not given to her at birth she acquired her name by the ship that carried her to America in which it was name â€Å"The Phillis†. Susanna Wheatley chose the young AfricanRead MoreCharacteristics Of Phillis Wheatley859 Words   |  4 Pages Phillis Wheatley. African American, poet, slave, woman. These were all the characteristics that describe Phillis Wheatley. She was a big part of what is our country today. Also a big part of women’s rights. Phillis was born on May 8, 1753 in Gambia, Africa. At the age of 8, she was captured. She was then put on a crowded boat that would come to America. These boat rides to America were very traumatic, and Phillis was only 8 at the time. The year 1761 was the year she was sold in Boston, MassachusettsRead More The Influence of Religion in Phillis Wheatleys Life Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Religion in Phillis Wheatleys Life Phillis Wheatley overcame extreme obstacles, such as racism and sexism, to become one of the most acclaimed poets in the 18th Century. Her works are characterized by religious and moral backgrounds, which are due to the extensive education of religion she received. In this sense, her poems also fit into American Poetry. However, she differs in the way that she is a black woman whose writings tackle greater subjects while incorporating herRead MoreEssay on An Hymn to the Morning1030 Words   |  5 PagesEvan Holt Phillis Wheatley’s â€Å"An Hymn to the Morning† There are plenty works of poetry that have been published, but none that match the intellect and beautiful writing aura like those of Phillis Wheatley’s. Phillis Wheatley was America’s first black female poet who learned to read and write at an age where blacks were either unable to learn or restricted from these opportunities. Most of Phillis Wheatley’s poetry consists of religion, death and the hardships and burdens blacks endured throughoutRead MoreWilliam Edward Burghardt Du Bois1208 Words   |  5 Pagespieces of literature. As an example of this, author Phillis Wheatley demonstrates Du Bois’ term â€Å"double conscious†. Stating the obvious at this point, the white community had an established perception on the capabilities of African Americans; it was said that they were incapable of an education. Their abilities, according to the whites, were so low in their standards, that the only duty blacks seem to be a fit for was enslavement. Phillis Wheatley was the first African American to publish a book andRead MoreRed Jacket By Phillis Wheatley1062 Words   |  5 PagesRed Jackets’ â€Å"Reply to the Missionary Jacob Cram† and the poems written by Phillis Wheatley both have something in common. Belief in a God/god(s). Red Jacket provides that in his culture there is the belief in the Great Spirit which Jacob Cram wants to change to the almighty God and Phillis Wheatley shows how what she went through as a slave brought her to an un-denying devotion to God. Religion is something that has developed continually over the years, but one thing has remained the same†¦ everyRead MoreEssay o n Phillis Wheatley1643 Words   |  7 Pages Phillis Wheatley, one of America’s most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America’s most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley’s literary contributions

Resistance in Ethical Change Management-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Discuss common reasons why change is resisted and how managers commonly view resistance. 2. Critically examine the key theoretical concepts of resistance considered in this subject and how they are linked to the two key theoretical ontologies used in this subject. 3. Critically examine the relationship between power and resistance, and the ethical issues that these raise in relation to the managerial and resistant positions. 4. Critically discuss the implications of power and resistance for the role of the change agent in ethically managing change, in both the dialogical and problem-centric approaches to change management. Answers: 1.Change in organization is considered as an activity of transformation or modification of something in the system of organization. This activity is mainly conducted for the purpose of improving the performance of the organization. The biggest challenge faced by organization while implementing the change in the organization is the resistance which emerges at the time when change is incorporated. The intensity in lieu of resistance depends on the type of change which is introduced and the way it is being introduced. Following are the reasons of resistance of change (Zafar Naveed, 2017; Davies, n.d.): Generally, managers of the organization resist the change because changes in the organization decrease the power of the mangers by transferring the power to their subordinates. Therefore, threat of power is considered as one of the main reasons of resistance to change. As result of the change in the organization system, some particular groups, sectors, departments of the organization become more powerful and because of this there are number of individuals who resist change. Other important reason of resistance to change is the economic factors. Change in the system of organization sometimes increase or decrease the salary and other economic allowances of the employees. It is very normal for the employees who lose their portion of salary because of the change will resist the change (Yilmaz Kilicoglu, 2013). Each place of work brings the particular image and reputation for the employees, and this image and reputation is important for all the employees. Change occurred in the system of the organization also changes the position of the individual which result in dissatisfaction among the employees. Therefore, image and reputation is considered as important reason of resistance of change. One more reason is threat of comfort, which means changes occurred in organization system results in personal discomfort and makes the life of employees more difficult. Personal discomfort of the employees is also considered as one of the main reasons of resistance of change by the employees of the organization (Serbam iorga, 2016). Mangers consider resistance of change seriously because it can affect the performance of organization, and take following actions to deal with the resistance: While preparing the change strategy, management considers the issue of resistance and also frames strategy to deal with this issue. Plan related to resistance management is considered as one of the five change management plans created by management in change management process, and this plan must be framed by management after determining all the factors in this field. 2.Idea related to change in organization system increasingly becomes the necessity for the organizations instead of alternative they can choose. Generally, change is associated with the crises, which means even most important organizations needs effective changes in their process and system. Capacity of the organization to shift the direction and to improve functioning in the organization can be considered as one of the essential competency of the contemporary business organizations. There are number of factors which enforce the change in the organization such as technological development, diminishing roles of government in the life of business, globalization, etc. some of these factors are considered as important factors which requires revision in the way in which business is conducted. Business environment is also dynamic in nature which influence the preferences of customers in case of all type of products and services. Therefore, shift in these demands require flexible environment in organization for the purpose of implementing new strategies to meet this demand. Change is considered as most important issue which is concerned by the organizations because of the fluctuations in the external environment. De Wit and Meyer (2004), identified two basic theories related to change. First theory stated that organizations must prepare themselves to adopt changes on continuous basis by making small alterations in the operations of the business for the purpose of improving their performances. These changes mainly focus on ensuring the improvements in the operations of organization by keeping the fundamental structure of the business same. Second theory states, those organizations which consider the continuous and small improvements inadequate can choose radical changes in the operations of the business. In other words, it includes the complete renewal of existing way of doing the business (Pieterse, Caniels human, 2012). Changes in organization and adoption of these changes is considered as important aspect for organizations to remain in competition (Balogun and Hope Hailey, 2008), but still very rare changes in the organization are considered as effective (Meaney and Pung, 2008). As per the recent research, only 1/3rd changes in the organizations are considered as successful changes by their leaders (Meaney and Pung, 2008). However, it is difficult to implement the successful change programs in organization. It must be noted that low rates of success in change management programs is also considered as important reason of resistance to change on the part of employees Theories related to organizational change and resistance state various important aspects of change management, and these theories are principal agent theory, goal theory and Stakeholders theory. Theory related to organizational change and resistance helps the individual in understanding the concept of change and resistance. Principle agent theory helps the organization in understanding the conflict between firms (owners) and its employees goals and interests. Stakeholder theory and principle agent theory is mainly used by the organization for the purpose of providing the measures and solutions for reducing and harmonizing goal conflict, to overcoming resistance to change (Khan Rehman, 2008). Principle-agent theory has provided a powerful framework for the public sector organizations. Strong influence of this theory was seen in New-Zealand in the late-1980s, instead of questions over its appropriateness. Agency theory is considered as controversial theory, because of its assumptions related to people. However, this theory is applied in number of fields such as finance, marketing, political science, organizational behavior and accounting. Agency theory includes various different branches, and these braches clearly state the difference between the ownership and control (goggle, n.d.). 3.In context of organizational change, power is used by top managers, CEO, change mangers, consultants, work councils, employees, and other interest groups. The main aim of these groups is to manage the influence of process of change by using the power and other tactics. In view of traditional management, actions were taken to deal with challenge given by other groups to the change in the organization in lieu of resistance of change, unless such actions are fall outside the legitimate activities of the change process (Burnes, 2009). Power, change process, and resistance to change are considered as related programs. It must be noted that in change process various actors influence each other. Later, when concept of power is introduced and it involves exercise of power over other person, from that time use of power becomes the biggest reason of resistance of change. However, not all the influence results in resistance of change and it is possible to use the power in effective management of change. In change process of organization, it is necessary that part of the power dynamics are observed on the part of the involved groups, and the attempts of the influence can be displayed directly and consciously by the agents. However, it is more difficult to observe the dynamics of power and in some cases such dynamics are even unconscious in nature. Management can exclude particular issues from decision making process during the process of change for ensuring full and equal participation. In the process of symbol construction or management of meaning, power in the organization is used for the purpose of creating legitimacy of outcomes, decisions, values, and demands. It is not possible to see the power dynamics, because these dynamics are invisible and unconscious when preferences and perceptions of the people are shaped in such manner as these perceptions and preferences are identified with the objectives of the change and also enable the individual in adopting new structure of the or ganization and systems even though their objectives are less realized than those of other groups. Individuals hold the positions of managers face different challenges, and the most difficult challenge is effective implementation of change. Various studies show successful patterns of change management in the organization. As per these studies, change is necessary, continuous, and inevitable does not have to be random and can be controlled. Traditionally, manger choose control-dominated model instead of participative model to handle the change management process. At that time, mangers are strict in nature and do not tolerate any nonsense and they pass order which must be followed because at that time authorities were valued. On the other side, workers were treated as if they were, uneducated, unskilled, and uncooperative. Currently, reality of workforce completely contradicts the assumptions of traditional management, and management is undermined because workers demand their participation in the decision making process of their organization. Additionally, attitude of new workers shows various changes in context of economic, legal, and social environment some other factors are also there which increase the expectations of the workers and change the way of management. These forces and reasons change the power of the mangers and make the employees more powerful. Therefore, change is considered as continues challenge for the management of the organization. There are number of mangers for which change is tortuous in nature and these results in frustration and bitterness towards the organization. This fact explains the reason of detriment effect on morale of managers because of change as they swept along with the events on which they do not exercise control. Some managers are there which resist the change on continuous basis because of the threat that they lose their power on some matters. Negative attitude of some managers towards the change occurred in the organization is derived from below stated factors (Boonstra, and Gravenhorst, 1998).: Managers frustrated in understanding, inspiring, and move along with the new type of workers in the organization. Their attitude towards the new changes occurred in technology in the workplace impact various other factors such as products, equipment, or work methods. 4.Ethics are considered as most important factor in the management of organizations. Values possessed by individuals, groups, and organizations have significant impact not only on the organizations but also on society as a whole. This can be understood through example, bankruptcy of Enron and Global Crossing, dissolution of Arthur Andersen, and senior executive indictment of Health South and Worldcom (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2008). All these collapses are result of failure of organization in taking ethical decisions in the organization. As stated by Lewin, human conditions can only be improved by resolving the social conflict, whether such conflicts are religious, racial, marital or industrial. He further stated, for the purpose of resolving the social conflicts it is necessary that organization ensure changes for facilitates learning and also enable the individuals of the organization to understand and restructure their views related to the world around them. In view of Lewin, change is not about achieving the particular objective, but it is about learning of individuals and groups about them, and by ensuring these things individuals prepare their own violations for the purpose of changing their behavior. Power and resistance also play important role in ethical change management, as stated there are number of reasons of resistance in ethical change management and some of these reasons are fear of the final result derived from the change, individual does not believe in the change, individual give priority to personal benefit instead of social benefit, concern that change reduce the power of the individual and also impact the position of individual, etc (Dunphy, Griffiths and Benn, 2007). It must be noted that, process of change is initially conducted by the executive management, and there is perception that change in the organization is based on off power relationships. This results in purposefully misconducted statements in context of change, and also wrong influence on the individuals. This can be understood through example, management can make the statement that change introduced in the organization is introduced for the purpose of increasing the engagement of employee, but the true fact behind the change management is the result based performance metrics that suffocate and scrutinize the activities of employee. Generally, change is voluntary in nature and it is necessary that management must get confirmation of employees before implementing the change. This also results in unethical concerns such as employees faced the issue of forced conformity or being terminated (Botyarov, 2016). However, change resistance is always there, and it is required that organizations promote the ethical change initiatives by developing the appropriate culture in the organization. Culture of organization is set of principles, values, beliefs which state the actions of the employees in the organization. Those mangers who want to promote changes of ethical nature must establish ethical culture in the organization. For example, mangers must themselves act ethically in the organization for the purpose of promoting ethical behavior as the norm throughout the organization (Antenollis, 2014). References: Antenellis, P. (2014). How Politics and Ethics Can Affect Change Management. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-167/issue-6/features/how-politics-and-ethics-can-affect-change-management.html. Balogun, J. and Hope Hailey, V. (2008), Exploring Strategic Change, Prentice Hall, London. Boonstra, J. and Gravenhorst, K. (1998). Power Dynamics and Organizational Change: A Comparison of Perspectives. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/76fe/8297c65963e8de76c3b1c7c57bc47ad96362.pdf. Botyarov, M. (2016). Ethics and Organizational Change Management. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ethics-organizational-change-management-michael-botyarov. Burnes, B. (2009) Reflections: Ethics and Organizational Change- Time for a Return to Lewinian Values, Journal of Change Management, volume 9(4), 359-381. Davies, R. Resistance and Organizational Change: Mapping sources of power. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://www.drrobertdavies.com/executivebriefings/resistance-and-organizational-change-mapping-sources-of-power/. De Wit, Bob and Meyer, Ron. (2004), Strategy : Process, Content, Context : an International Perspective, 3rd ed., International Thompson Publishing Business Press, London. Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. and Benn, S. (2007) Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability, 2nd edn (London: Routledge). Google. The Control System of the Firm. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwity7zIj47YAhXIsY8KHZW2AD4QFgguMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783790828818-c2.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1358118-p174548408usg=AOvVaw3nmDB9RGoAqIZSdpWrlkvE. Gopalakrishnan, S., Mangaliso, M.P. and Butterfield, D.A. (2008) Managing ethically in times of transformation challenges and opportunities, Group Organization Management, 33(6), pp. 756759. Khan, K. Rehman, M. (2008). Employees Resistance towards Organizational Change. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:828420/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Meaney, M. and Pung, C. (2008), McKinsey global results: creating organizational transformations, The McKinsey Quarterly, August, pp. 1-7. Pieterse, J. Canils, M. Homan, T. (2012). Professional discourses and resistance to change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 25 Iss: 6 pp. 798 818. Serbam, A. Iorga, C. (2016). Employee Resistance To Organizational Change Through Managerial Reengineering. Retrieved on 13th December 2017 from: https://conferinta.management.ase.ro/archives/2016/PDF/4_6.pdf. Yilmaz, D. Kilicoglu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations. International Association of Social Science Research, volume 1(1), 14-21. Zafar, F. Naveed, K. (2017). Organizational Change and Dealing with Employees' Resistance. International Journal of Management Excellence, Volume 2(3).

The word and the profession Review Essay Example

The word and the profession Review Paper Essay on The word and the profession This book is more journalism than fiction. This collection of articles and monographs on literary matters. But on the other hand, this book is about the author. The lines of the profession of letters nanizanny twigs on the biography of Mr. Weller, Mr. Weller. As a result, in Words ragged style -. From the biographical notes to monographs on writing the story If you expand the book into chapters at once self-centered, How are you Im tired, consisting of the autobiographical book Knife Seryozha Dovlatov and explanations rows of autobiography. Many individual episodes of life, which are explained with enough humor and irony. Once there is a Feast of the spirit articles of various literary topics: the origin of the words of Bulgakovs manuscripts do not burn before thinking about nobelevskiyh premiums and classical literature, punctuated again memories of privacy. The text is given in a very abrupt manner categorically as the ultimate truth. The ink and whitewash Weller passed on some well-known authors. For example, Verne had graphomaniac, but valuable in the general fiction novel, and Kara-Murza great Varnisher Soviet reality. In box for the writer, the author analyzes the actions of the young writer and gives him advice. Talks about the debut of options memoirs style. In There were two comrades, aha! it is viscous and sticky walked the red editing. In Ukusitele and ukusomy got critics. Blym-bylm-blym is dedicated to the standards of language the accent, mats, newspeak, etc. Valley of the idols tells us about the actual idols our idols, signs such as Pushkin, Gold and Silver century literature, etc. But in the Technology of the story, we see a purely normative schedule of how to write a story (plan, selection of material, composition, etc.). To a large extent, of course, the book is intended (and even on the cover and it is written) aspiring writers. There is advice on how the overall direction and very specific instructions. We will write a custom essay sample on The word and the profession Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The word and the profession Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The word and the profession Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The style deliberately sloppy and simple-minded, however, as always with Weller. Broad strokes drawn literary era the Soviet and modern, allowing them to compare not only the author, but also the reader. The main drawback, and he is also the dignity a deep personal opinion. Not in my humble opinion, but simply in my opinion. Material is fed priori. With Weller may be passionately arguing and also strongly disagree. The main thing here hot. Energy charge and the allegations skrennost bribe. Caustically and ironically. Critically coupled with narcissism. And what is more unclear. Slashed across his eyes some repetition of text (about raincoats Musketeers, for example), which is caused by the union of several books in one. Overall, exciting and informative. Summing up a good book to expand the horizons in the field of literary criticism. I wanted to add it to the personal library.

Beauty Contest free essay sample

In the average dictionary beauty is defined as a combination of qualities that pleases aesthetic senses, especially the sight. Unfortunately, in today’s society, the meaning of beauty has become extremely distorted and in place beauty pageants have become very popular. These contests take place across the entire world; in big cities and small towns. The contestants’ ages range from 0 to 30 years old. Thus, children are thrown into this lifestyle, without knowing exactly what they are getting into. They are judged by physical beauty and sometimes personality and talent, with the winners awarded prizes or titles. Many people say that it beauty pageants boost ones confidence but in fact, they increase eating disorders, excessive dieting and can even lower ones self-esteem all because they do not feel as physically attractive as â€Å"they should be†. In more ways than one, beauty pageants significantly impact young girl’s life as she develops into a woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty Contest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to an article by Women’s News, the United States generates approximately 100,000 beauty pageants for young girls and approximately 2.5 million girls compete in them. For most pageants, children are entered into them as soon as they are able to sit up by themselves. This means that from a young age these girls learn that the worth of a person is solely based on appearance, thus enabling them into a vain and insecure individual in the future. Though these pageants host talent portions, they are often flooded with over promiscuous dance routines and outfits, throwing pageant kids into things that are not appropriate for their age. Sadly enough, not every girl that enters a beauty contest can win. So, their parents become very competitive and make them go through tanning, waxing and many make-up and hair sessions, to guarantee that they are the â€Å"best†. However, when these girls do lose, they believe that they were not good enough for the judges and lose all of their self-esteem. These pageant kids now become overly competitive and believe everything is about winning. And even worse, a high percentage of these pageant kids will engage in cosmetic and plastic surgery in the future to maintain their definition of beauty. In addition to low self-esteem, beauty pageants can create many bad habits including excessive dieting. Because the parents of these young girls are very obsessive with their children’s appearance they end up robbing them of their childhood. They are not able to grab a slice of pizza or even a kid’s meal because they are watching every calorie intake. These young girls are forced to go on crash diets, to gain energy and lose weight very quickly. Sadly, this creates a number of problems for their health such as impaired growth, menstrual irregularities, low blood pressure and impaired kidney functions. Unfortunately, many of these parents do not know exactly how they are impacting their children’s bodies. They are not only forming nutritional deficiencies but psychological issues too. According to the National Association of Eating Disorders, 90% of the time, girls who were forced to start a diet from a young age increase the frequency of taking extreme measures to continue a â€Å"perfect† figure, which is very destructive to one’s health. Excessive dieting can lead the way for a more harmful habit, eating disorders. In today’s society, 35% of â€Å"occasional dieters† progress into pathological dieting, (disordered eating) and as many as 25%, advance to full-blown eating disorders (Philadelphia Eating Disorder Examiner, July 2011). When these pageant kids grow into young women, they have all of their eggs stacked in one basket, which in this case will be the â€Å"looks department†. They are so used to concentrating on the external and superficial aspects of beauty that they cannot focus on reality. The longing to be thin like the supermodels on magazine covers, causes these pageant girls to go to extreme measures such as bulimia and anorexia. In one situation, a pageant girl as young as 6 years old was hospitalized with anorexia, which was linked to body image. This is not acceptable at all. But the blame cannot be solely placed on them. Their moms are so obsessed with their image; they allow their children to engage in these horrific activities. There is therefore no doubt that beauty pageants do no good for these kids. In closing, beauty pageants cause a great deal of problems for girls in the long run. These pageants are more likely to hurt one then to help one. These pageants are supposed to boost confidence, when in reality they ruin children’s lives and basically kill their mental beings. I believe that beauty pageants for kids are a form of child abuse. These mothers exploit their children, teaching them that there will always be a person better than them. This is unacceptable and beauty pageants need to be banned because beauty is not counterfeit. It is being confident in your own skin without the approval of others. The time for taking action has come. Beauty Contest free essay sample What exactly is your definition of beauty? In the average dictionary beauty is defined as a combination of qualities that pleases aesthetic senses, especially the sight. Unfortunately, in today’s society, the meaning of beauty has become extremely distorted and in place beauty pageants have become very popular. These contests take place across the entire world; in big cities and small towns. The contestants’ ages range from 0 to 30 years old. Thus, children are thrown into this lifestyle, without knowing exactly what they are getting into. They are judged by physical beauty and sometimes personality and talent, with the winners awarded prizes or titles. Many people say that it beauty pageants boost ones confidence but in fact, they increase eating disorders, excessive dieting and can even lower ones self-esteem all because they do not feel as physically attractive as â€Å"they should be†. In more ways than one, beauty pageants significantly impact young girl’s life as she develops into a woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty Contest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to an article by Women’s News, the United States generates approximately 100,000 beauty pageants for young girls and approximately 2.5 million girls compete in them. For most pageants, children are entered into them as soon as they are able to sit up by themselves. This means that from a young age these girls learn that the worth of a person is solely based on appearance, thus enabling them into a vain and insecure individual in the future. Though these pageants host talent portions, they are often flooded with over promiscuous dance routines and outfits, throwing pageant kids into things that are not appropriate for their age. Sadly enough, not every girl that enters a beauty contest can win. So, their parents become very competitive and make them go through tanning, waxing and many make-up and hair sessions, to guarantee that they are the â€Å"best†. However, when these girls do lose, they believe that they were not good enough for the judges and lose all of their self-esteem. These pageant kids now become overly competitive and believe everything is about winning. And even worse, a high percentage of these pageant kids will engage in cosmetic and plastic surgery in the future to maintain their definition of beauty. In addition to low self-esteem, beauty pageants can create many bad habits including excessive dieting. Because the parents of these young girls are very obsessive with their children’s appearance they end up robbing them of their childhood. They are not able to grab a slice of pizza or even a kid’s meal because they are watching every calorie intake. These young girls are forced to go on crash diets, to gain energy and lose weight very quickly. Sadly, this creates a number of problems for their health such as impaired growth, menstrual irregularities, low blood pressure and impaired kidney functions. Unfortunately, many of these parents do not know exactly how they are impacting their children’s bodies. They are not only forming nutritional deficiencies but psychological issues too. According to the National Association of Eating Disorders, 90% of the time, girls who were forced to start a diet from a young age increase the frequency of taking extreme measures to continue a â€Å"perfect† figure, which is very destructive to one’s health. Excessive dieting can lead the way for a more harmful habit, eating disorders. In today’s society, 35% of â€Å"occasional dieters† progress into pathological dieting, (disordered eating) and as many as 25%, advance to full-blown eating disorders (Philadelphia Eating Disorder Examiner, July 2011). When these pageant kids grow into young women, they have all of their eggs stacked in one basket, which in this case will be the â€Å"looks department†. They are so used to concentrating on the external and superficial aspects of beauty that they cannot focus on reality. The longing to be thin like the supermodels on magazine covers, causes these pageant girls to go to extreme measures such as bulimia and anorexia. In one situation, a pageant girl as young as 6 years old was hospitalized with anorexia, which was linked to body image. This is not acceptable at all. But the blame cannot be solely placed on them. Their moms are so obsessed with their image; they allow their children to engage in these horrific activities. There is therefore no doubt that beauty pageants do no good for these kids. In closing, beauty pageants cause a great deal of problems for girls in the long run. These pageants are more likely to hurt one then to help one. These pageants are supposed to boost confidence, when in reality they ruin children’s lives and basically kill their mental beings. I believe that beauty pageants for kids are a form of child abuse. These mothers exploit their children, teaching them that there will always be a person better than them. This is unacceptable and beauty pageants need to be banned because beauty is not counterfeit. It is being confident in your own skin without the approval of others. The time for taking action has come.

buy custom Impaired Medical Professionals essay

buy custom Impaired Medical Professionals essay Substance dependence is a serious problem that affects a large number of people, making them daily risk their lives and social status due to an urge to purchase and use the drug, even though they are usually aware of the adverse effects. Most of the time, dependence occurs when one has the accessibility to the drug and the desire for its usage. When it comes to medical professionals, drug abuse is rather common and it almost never comes as a surprise. Over the years, the medical community has become more and more aware that people have started to abuse drugs. Without a doubt, substance abuse is dangerous, irresponsible, and risky, since the effects of the drugs might deteriorate the ability of the person to complete his duties. Nonetheless, should one consider those who abuse various types of drugs that give energy, stamina and better concentration? In an essay regarding the problem of impaired medical professionals, Larry Blumenthal, M.D. and director of the Student Health Services of the Medical University of South Carolina painted a vivid picture of the effects of drug abuse in the life of a healthcare professional. As he says, the individual withdraws from family, friends, and leisure activities, and can frequently exhibit behavioral changes such as mood swings and depression (Blumenthal). This is definitely a good reason to believe that substance abuse deteriorates the capabilities of a doctor, nurse or any other type of medical professional. Blumenthal adds that the issues extend into the workplace, evidenced by sloppy documentation, tardiness, and absenteeism, and no one would ever appreciate a careless doctor, who seems to be unable to concentrate. (Blumenthal) Because chemical dependence has always been a problem, people in the medical community have rarely considered testing their own colleagues to see if they were under the influence of these substances. In these cases, certain moral principles take action, as many think that they cannot test their friends as this might put their relationship in danger. According to Robert Holman Coombs, a medical professr, who conducted a study in this domain in the mid 1990s, drug abuse is a terrible problem that is surprisingly popular in the medical community. After questioning a number of 91 medical professionals who admitted to be addicted, he gathered shocking findings. One particular medical intern used to present himself drunk at the hospital and was at one point put to do a tracheotomy (a medical procedure, which implies creating a hold into the trachea in order to allow air to enter the respiratory system) to a child. In spite of failing, he was successful and thought that he should experiment with the effects of alcohol during surgical performance. (Coombs, 2000) This exact event comes to contradict the fact that substance abuse is harmful both for the one who is addicted and those around him. However, is it worth taking a risk, even though the performances seem to be better under the influence of alcohol or drugs? Being addicted to certain substances raises many questions, especially if the specific person works in the medical field. The first issue that appears is whether there is a relationship between the addiction and a disabling illness. Louis E. Baxter, M.D. and Mark F. Seltzer, J.D. have already discussed this problem and believe to have arrived at a conclusion. Firstly, they consider addictive disorders that medical professional suffer from to be chronic diseases. As researches show, addictive disorders have identifiable biological, genetic and neurochemical components and markers that are found in other well-known and studied chronic medical illnesses. (Baxter, 2007) Furthermore, they state that these illnesses can be successfully treated, and the medical professionals, who suffer from addiction, may recover completely from the period of drug abuse. This is yet another fact that proves the dangers of substance abuse, considering that this condition is very resembling to a chronic, imp airing illness. Judging the people, who abuse chemical substances, is rather easy. However, does one sit and think about the social and psychical elements that might push someone into the urge of drug consumption? Mariee Baldissei has considered this in a thorough report on the topic, clearly depicting the fact that healthcare professionals have a very stressful job. They have to cope with the daily anxiety, pain, stress, sleep deprivation, unhealthy diet plan and other vicious activities. In addition, the permanent access to drugs makes the addiction much more easily obtainable. Once the addiction is installed, healthcare professionals seem to be very good at hiding signs and symptoms of substance use. (Baldissei, 2007) This is somewhat logical since medical professionals are the people who are supposed to know how a persons body changes once the active substance starts to show its effects. Apart from the logical health and social related problems that substance abuse creates, the legal aspects of drug consumption are more delicate. According to Baldissei, the law frowns upon the declaration of impaired medical professionals due to social aspects. However, the 1972 AMA House of Delegates encouraged the reporting of impaired healthcare professionals who may potentially endanger the lives of their patients. (Baldissei, 2007) This is clearly a good approach, which will help to discourage drug usage and substance addiction. To conclude with, drug abuse is undoubtedly a perilous activity, even when it comes to healthcare professionals who, obviously, need to know all the mechanisms and effects of the substances. However, impaired medical professionals are more and more numerous as drug abuse makes more victims in the medical field. Luckily, with the help of the leaders of the medical industry, drug abuse among the doctors can be treated and even prevented. What needs to be done? There must be regular surveys, tests, and checkups of all the medical employees in a hospital in order to determine a substance abuse at its debut and treat it. Although many consider some substances to be beneficial for a doctor, the impairment that drug addiction determines is definitely not a fair price to pay for a career. Therefore, drug addiction in medical personnel is a true and mundane problem that needs to be addressed and solved as soon as possible. Buy custom Impaired Medical Professionals essay

Institutional ownership and corporate value Essay

Institutional ownership and corporate value - Essay Example Abstract Institutional investors are a significant financial market force. They are rapidly replacing individual investors in the capital market. Unlike individual investors, institutional investors invest large amounts of their company resources into various stocks and shares, thereby devoting many of their resources to monitoring their investment. This paper investigates whether a company’s dividend policy is affected by the level of institutional ownership. The paper focuses on Kuwaiti public companies that are listed on the Kuwait stock exchange (KSE). This study examines the implications of corporate governance on dividend policy. It focuses on the cross-sectional relationship of the organizational ownership structures and dividend payout policies. In this paper, a regression model is employed to explore the link between institutional ownership and cash dividends. The dependent variable, cash dividends, is measured by using two different proxies. The independent variable, institutional ownership, is measured as the natural logarithm of shares held by institutional investors, then scaled by the number of shares outstanding. The control variables include returns on equity, firm size, leverage, firm age, financial loss, year effects, and industry effects. The relevant data is collected from the KSE website and the Institute of Banking Studies in Kuwait (ISB). The monitoring hypothesis suggests that institutional investors tend to function as a superior oversight mechanism, and therefore are more likely to limit corporate managers. The other perspective relates to the entrenchment effect hypothesis, which states that institutional investors may align their interests with management’s interests at the expense of minority wealth. Table of Contents Declaration 2 Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 List of Tables 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 1.1 Background 7 1.2 Research Question 8 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study: 8 1.4 Rationale and Justification for the Study: 9 1.5 Methodology: 9 1.6 Research Structure 10 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 2.1 Kuwait Stock Exchange 12 2.2 Institutional Ownership and Cash Dividend Payouts 13 2.2.1 The Monitoring Role of Institutional Ownership 14 2.2.2 The Entrenchment Role of Institutional Investors 17 Chapter Three: Hypothesis Development 21 4.2 Regression Models 26 Chapter Five: Data and Results 28 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Implications of the Research 38 Chapter Seven: Future Research 40 List of References 41 List of Tables Table 1: Frequency of Institutional Investors over Time 29 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for the Dependent, Independent, and Control Variables 330 Table 3: Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 648 323 Table 4: Regression Results of the Dependent Variable: CashPayOut 345 Table 5: Regression Results of the Dependent Variable: CashDiv_Earnings 368 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Institutional investors are a significant financial market force. T hey are rapidly replacing individual investors in the capital market. Unlike individual investors, institutional investors invest large amounts of their company resources into various stocks and shares, thereby devoting many of their resources to monitoring their investment (Grossman and Hart, 1980; Shleifer and Vishny, 1986). In addition, institutional investors are generally more and better informed then individual invest

Organizing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizing Paper - Essay Example One of the organizations that have effectively accomplished the organization function is Dell Inc. The management has efficiently and effectively organized the physical assets, the human talent, knowledge, technology and financial resources in order to ensure competitive advantage in the market. The company is headquartered in Texas, United States but has operations across the globe. Dell Inc has utilized the industry’s most efficient organization model. Some core organization elements include just-in-time inventory management, employee training, delegated authority and efficient allocation of capital resources (Williams 7). Physical assets In 2000, Dell established computer assembly factories in Austin, Lebanon, Tennessee, Ireland, China and Malaysia. The company also acquired assembly factories in Brazil in order to extend the manufacturing of the computer products (Holzner 19). In 1998, Dell added about 1,600,000 square feet of office space to the Round Rock complex thus in creasing the demonstration center and visitor’s meeting rooms. Currently, Dell has full functional facilities in US and India that support all business functions such as manufacturing, research and development and customer service. Dell has enough assembly physical facilities in UK, China, India, Brazil, Poland, Malaysia, Philippines, Florida, North Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and New Hampshire. From 2002, Dell launched kiosk locations in various shopping malls in order to reach out to more potential customers. In 2005, the company expanded the kiosks to Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and Singapore (Williams 5). Dell has ensured efficient utilization of all production facilities and production space in its operations. The company leases out excess space in order to ensure maximum utilization of the physical assets. The company is geared at replacing the outdated physical assets such as machinery (Holzner 60). Human resources Dell Inc has more than 109,40 0 employees spread in more than 30 countries in the globe. The employees are expected to serve customers in more than 170 countries. Dell has attained a leadership position as the preferred provider of computer and networking systems due to his talented workforce and excellent customer service. The Chief executive officer and chairman is Michael Dell who has been in the company since 1984. Dell board of directors consists of nine members and the Global Executive management committee is tasked with managing the daily operations and providing strategic direction to the company. Dell Inc has established efficient channels of communication within the organization. The company has effectively delegated authority and responsibility to teams and managing directors who are responsible for different market segments (Williams 6). Dell Company conducts a job analysis that identifies various roles in the organization, the duties performed in the position and skills required. The company through its human resource planning has been able to forecast the skills demand in the organization. Due to its reputation of excellent human resources policies, the company attracts and retained qualified professionals in all functional departments. The company offers sufficient training to its employees in order to enhance the productivity and creativity of employees. Dell employee reward policies

Theories on Cognitive Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories on Cognitive Process - Essay Example In verbal communication, it is not enough to refer to actual words or phrases to decode the meaning of the speaker. There may be some nuances or shades of meaning to any particular word or phrase depending on the intention of the speaker, and likewise, the recipient of the communication. As such, the combination of any two statements spoken in succession or randomly may or may not have a relationship, and such a relationship may only be inferred. Philosopher Paul Grice introduced this concept of implicature, in which the relationship of two statements is implied but not required. Hearers routinely work under a set of assumptions in their interpretation of verbal communication, and this is where the problem of pragmatics surface. While these assumptions may be accurate, ambiguities and nuances in meaning may give lie to a presumed fact and while such ambivalence may not be immediately apparent, failure to allow for such circumstances may lead to a misinterpretation of the speaker's intention, leading to a breakdown in communications. Pragmatic interpretation is considered by from this argument many as a non-demonstrative inference process, in which there is no certainty of the correctness of the hearer's interpretation. Pragmatism in communication may make use of inference to det... There are several views by which pragmatic interpretation is viewed, one of which is where it is considered completely metapsychological. In this view, the Fodorian central processes or "theory of mind" is applied in which mind-reading is involved. The authors propose that a metacommunicative module may be developed from the application of the Fodorian central system in which ambiguities of verbal communication may be resolved. Grice believed that comprehension is attained through a calculation or "working-out schema" which upon reflection may seem to be rather tedious with the use of long chains of inferences, and not convincingly a person normally would pursue comprehension. It also underestimates the metapsychological aspect of comprehension. The current trend in cognitive studies is to view the mind is modular, and Grice concurs that this implementation of his approach may be a way to work out the presence of a conversational implicature intuitively. This modular view of the mind is based on the tendency in evolution to select systems that promote efficiency, and that many of these systems are genetically subscribed. In mind-reading, it is assumed that it is not a general purpose reasoning mechanism, but a dedicated module that "exploits the regularities in intentional behaviour" although it is uncertain how this mechanism works. There are many theories, such as the rationalization account which uses a form of belief-desire reasoning, the simulation account where intentions are attributed through acting out the action for interpretation, the Gricean account of implicaturs and relevance-theoretic accounts. It is suggested that within the

Key Consumer Behavior Issue Marketing Essay

Key Consumer Behavior Issue Marketing Essay The brief overview of the article is about Jet Star as Australian low cost airlines that going to spend more budget in social media marketing instead of using high price conventional way. Jet Star is facing an issue in how to compete with other airlines company and whether Jet Star can be success in changing consumer attitude toward its new plan in advertising. This becomes the key issue in consumer behavior raised by the reporting. An explanation of how the article relates to consumer behavior theory So basically this article is relevant to be selected since it is related with theory of consumer nature of attitudes and also changing the cognitive component of attitudes through the way Jet Star advertise in social media. The first theory is about the nature of attitudes. While on the attitude there were two components which are cognition and emotion. Cognition is about beliefs of attitude, while emotion is about consumer feeling to an entity. Also there is hierarchy of effects exists that relates consumer emotion, thought, and behavior together with marketing communication. The first one is standard learning hierarchy (learn-feel-do); the next is the low-involvement hierarchy (learn-do-feel) and finally is the experiential hierarchy (feel-do-learn). (Solomon, Russel-Bennet, and Previte, 2010). Based on that theory, Jet Star is applying the standard learning hierarchy. This is similar to process where consumer attitudes are being constructed. Consumer sees their preference in decision making as a problem solving process. The first step is they collecting the knowledge about the product, in this case is airline ticket, about the price and the differences among other airlines and in feeling stage, consu mer evaluate whether the price is suitable for them and finally consumer begin to realize the decision by real action in choosing to buy the Jet Star ticket flight. It seems that from this hierarchy, consumer tends to be bonded with the product instead of buying other product. This hierarchy makes consumer to have high involvement by discovering any knowledge of the product and then come out with a conclusion. (Solomon, Russel-Bennet, and Previte, 2010). Again based on Solomon, Russel-Bennet, and Previte (2010), the aim of marketer in attitude change is to make consumer go through their product, or go in opposition to competitors product. There are two ways in changing consumer attitudes, by changing the cognitive component of learn and by changing the emotional component of feel. In changing cognitive component of attitudes, marketer can use any message that constructing the argument, drawing conclusion, or use comparative advertising. While on the other hand to change emotional component of attitudes, marketer can use any feeling such as humor or fear to change consumer attitudes. Apparently in this case based on the nature and consumer relationship with the product, Jet Star is using changing the cognitive component of attitudes to influence the attitude of its potential consumer. The way they choose is constructing the argument in which Jet Star try to argue and persuade the consumer about the advantage of them by choosing Jet St ar as flying partner. So basically in this case, Jet Star wants to change the attitude instead of consumer feeling through this kind of social advertisement. There are two kind of measuring argument, the first one is supportive argument, and the other is refutational argument (Lecture slide, 2010). Using Twitter and YouTube as well, Jet star is presenting all of positive characteristics that they can offer in their service. It always does promotion in twitter and show how great they are on their service in the flight and mainly what they sell is their super cheap price. However, Jet Star can be considered as having refutational argument as well when the negative issues is raised and then solve it. This case appear from twitter, in which Jet Star is being asked by people or potential consumer who followed Jet Stars account about negative thing, such as complaining, and then effectively, Jet star could solve the problem directly to the consumer. Implications for marketing or advertising in the category, or industry, or sector discussed by The article In order to compete and win the consumer with the new plan in advertising, Jet Star should stick with their plan to invest more in social media and online advertising. This is based on evidence that from previous year in 2009 where they had try to launch the advertisement in social media, the result came into a huge success as the cost of doing advertisement in conventional media is became more costly and fragmented. Moreover, with the usage of social media, Jet Star could minimize the cost of using conventional media and get higher ability in reaching the consumer. Using social media as tool for reaching consumer, could makes Jet Star to reach hundred from thousand prospective consumer, just with one uncomplicated online message. (Reed Group, 2010). Hopefully consumer is required to change their attitudes in choosing a service from Airline Company, and in order to do this, the consumer needs to adapt with this kind of advertising in social media. Only little adaptation that they needed, as this kind of new way in advertising is now part of consumers social daily life. In conclusion, using YouTube which is open video sharing site as medium for advertising representation of the future (Incisive Media, 2010) and twitter that has many users out there and searches on trending topics are to be anticipated place for mass advertise ads (Bernoff, 2010), will make Jet Star to successfully change consumer attitude from using another airlines into using Jet Star flight service. In addition if people using twitter and have to go through direct link into Jet Stars main page, they will come up to website that have predicate as the fastest homepage load time of Australian airlines website (Marketing Mag, 2009). Furthermore, in the future Jet St ar could change consumer attitude in getting information about their service from conventional way, into adapting up to date information of service offered to consumers social daily life. And the reason of their future success is based on the fact that they will shift 40% of their marketing budget into social media that had been proved before, in which this idea is getting phenomenal responses (Incisive Media, 2010). Main article Reed group, 2010, JETSTAR to shift 40% of spends online, viewed 15th April 2010, . Secondary article Bernoff,J., why you should advertise on twitter, viewed 15th April 2010, . Incisive Media Investments Limited, 2010, YouTube hailed as advertising medium of the future, viewed 15th April 2010, . Marketing Mag, 2009, Tiger and Jetstar big winners online, viewed 15th April 2010, . Solomon, M. R., Russell-Bennett, R., Previte, J, 2010,  Consumer Behaviour: Buying, Having, Being. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education, Australia. Lecture slide, 2010, Consumer behavior; attitudes and attitude change, University of Queensland Attitude and Attitudes Change Benno Arsanto 41953734 Faculty of economic, University of Queensland

The Second World War (WWII) - Causes And Effects Essay -- World War 2

World War II: Causes, and Affects In the history of the world there are many occurrences that have changed life and the world, as we know it. The history of conflicts in the world is just as long as the histories of man have bee recorded. From the beginning the human species survived off of conflict (between various predators and the environment) and has been nourished by the fruits of war since before the rise of the Roman Empire. World conquest has been the goal of many great generals and a great many Kings. Through the years there were many conflicts that were thought to be the worst that ever was and the worst that would ever be (World War I in particular). World war two is said to be the war to end all wars, because of the leaders, the technology, and the effects the war had on the world. World War II began in 1939. The devastation and destruction caused in this conflict will have a total global effect. The war itself will require many countries to commit all of their military and financial assets in the production of war equipment and in fighting. This was the first war that had civilian death rates that exceeded all previously set records, and from any war since. The battlefield in world war two included all of the territory in the country. The days of strictly trench and open field battles were a thing of the past. The location of battles and bombings included strictly military sites and also various other locations that were essential to the life and economy of the country involved. The reason this war was different from al of the other wars of the past was that the weaponry has changed from the conventional to the extraordinary. The causes of World War II are linked closely to the end of World War I. The trouble began when the Treaty of Versailles was written. The Treaty of Versailles was written by the powers that won World War I (Britain, France, and US). They divided Europe up as they saw fit and reduced the territory held by Germany to less than before its series of conquests. The Germans lost all of their colonies and one eighth of its land in Europe (Encarta 98). Italy profited from the war, Italy gained land and power (but still wanted more). The French wanted to make Germany pay the maximum penalty for its four-year occupation of France that began in 1914(Strauss 14). The German Government was given orders to pay restitution to the countr... ...tomic weapon is detonated in a city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World war two is said to be the war to end all wars, because of the leaders, the technology, and the effects the war had on the world. World War II cost the world more lives, and property than any other war before. It was the testing ground for weapons of such horrible destructive power that if they were ever to be used again it would probably be the end of the world. The war involved sixty-one countries, 1.7 billion people, 110 million military personnel, left over 60 million dead, 35 million of the dead were civilian casualties, and the war cost over 1 trillion dollars. If a war ever occurs that could possible top all of those statistics and numbers it would most likely be the end of civilization, as we know it and of life on this earth as we know it. Works Cited Grolier’s Electronic Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. New York: 1994 Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. New York: Microsoft,1998  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"World War II†. World Book Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. Strauss, Martin L. Gestapo:Stories of Terror. New York: Free, 1992. Johnson, Michelle F. The Cost of Liberty. Philadelphia: Associated Press, 1935.

Is Television a Good or Bad Influence? Essay

In the year of 1926 a man called John Lougie Baird had invented something that has become part of the day-to-day lifestyle of nearly everyone. He had successfully tested it in a laboratory in late 1925 and unveiled with much fanfare in London in early 1926, and later mechanical television was quickly usurped by electronical television. Over the years television has developed greatly, going from black and white to coloured and ranging greatly in size. From portable and hand held televisions to widescreen and flat widescreen televisions, there is a choice to suit everyone. The most recent additions to this can vary from VCR’s to DVD’s to play stations and other games consoles. Also there are numerous networks, which you can choose from, such as ITV digital, cable, sky digital, etc. In this world today, there are people out there that think television is fantastic and that there is nothing out there that could spoil a nice, quiet night in, with a nice warm cup of coffee with their feet up in front of the television while there are others who don’t feel so strongly. They would rather smash that cup of coffee off the television. If you think that’s very extreme, think again, because there are people today that think television is the worst invention ever. There are some people with a point of view that television is a good influence. They think this because they think that television teaches children to be creative which is shown in documentaries and educational programmes. Maybe so, but do these people realise that the more time they spend watching television, the more time they’re taking out of their own social life and the more closer they are to becoming addicted to it. Do they know that two out of three network prime time shows illustrate some sort of sexual situation or dilemma between a couple, according to a study released in February 1999, by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, showed that only three percent of sitcoms discussed any of the risks and responsibilities associated with sex drugs and violence. Do they also know that foul language has increased on these shows and words absent on television ten years ago are now cropping up in more commonly in the scripts of characters on soaps and on every network? Would you want your children to grow up using bad language as part of their everyday speech? No definitely not I would ponder, If you ask my opinion, I would say that yes, television does teach children to be creative, but not in a good sense. With television progressing at this rate and filling up with more violence, sex and strong language which is easily accessed, these circumstances can be avoided by ensuring that children take part in more sports such as football, swimming, running, cycling and lots of others and watch less television. Also do you think that a, elderly person would watch a film happily that consists of a lot of violence and strong language? Television could that very strong impact on the elderly if maybe they watch too much of it. It could deprive them of their social life and watching too much television could lead an old woman or man into a deep depression, which could have very serious and, maybe even fatal consequences such as laziness and lack of exercise. Other views are that television s a bad influence especially on the younger generation maybe because there is too much violence and bad language which could have an affect on them and also on older people as they may cause offence, Maybe people think that living in this world means you are inclined anyway to seeing and hearing all this violence and bad language. There are views that it keeps children out of trouble and other views that it discourages play in younger children but they think that they are better off keeping their children inside than letting them out all the time and having a better chance of getting into trouble. I personally think that television is a bad influence on people of all ages. Violence on television affects children negatively, according to psychological research. The three major effects of seeing violence on television are that children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, children may be more fearful of the world around them and children may be more likely to behave in aggressive ways towards others. It is a fact that the average American child will have watched one hundred thousand acts of television, including eight thousand depictions of murder, by the time he or she finishes sixth grade, which is approximately thirteen years old. If you think wall to wall violence on television has no effect, why would you imagine that one-minute adverts in the breaks do have an effect and may pursued you to buy something? We live in an era where both parents are often working and children have more unsupervised time they mainly use this time to watch television. It is necessary that time is made for the younger generation to keep up with their day to day experiences, including while they are at school, if they attend school. Studies have shown that children’s television shows contain about twenty violent acts each hour. They also showed that children who watch a lot of television are more likely to think that the world is a mean and dangerous place for cold and heartless people. In 1960, a man embarked on a landmark longitudinal study of over eight hundred eight-year-olds. He found that children who watched many hours of violent television tended to be more aggressive in the playground and the classroom. The same man checked back with these students eleven and twenty two years later. He found out that the aggressive eight-year-olds grew up to be aggressive nineteen-and thirty year-olds, with greater troubles – including domestic violence and more traffic tickets – than their less aggressive counterparts who did not watch as much television. And the researchers found that even if a child is not aggressive at the age of eight, but watches substantial amounts of violent programming, he or she tends to be more aggressive at nineteen than his or her peers who didn’t watch violent T.V. This just goes to show that television does have an affect on children at a young age, if not at that present time, and then it would take place in the future. Television also has effects on teenagers. A new study concludes that teenagers who watch more than an hour of television a day are more likely to be violent in later years. They are more likely to watch T.V if there is something on that interests them, no matter what the context, and most of these people have TV’s in their bedrooms which make it possible to watch TV to all hours, so their parents don’t have a say in what they watch really. Soaps like Coronation Street and Eastenders show young adults becoming pregnant and sometimes stealing cars and taking drugs and it all seems so easy and normal which could resort to some of these young adults taking part in doing these actions themselves and thinking that this is normal. For the elderly, television can most definitely have a bad influence. For example if an elderly woman sat and watched T.V all day, she could become sick, if she is not having her proper day to day exercise could lead to stiffness and aching joints. It could also cause stress if maybe a man seen the troubles in the news, such as the events of September 11th 2001 where two hijacked aircrafts were flew into the world trade centres of New York which caused the loss of thousands of lives and the destruction of the buildings themselves it could worry them and make them think that they should be out there doing something about it. That very day many people joined the US army as a result of television influencing them to do so. Also the United States are in another complication with Iraq over biological weapons the stories which are being stated on the news are very motivating and provoking and would make you feel that something has to be done about these problems. So television has become a bad influence to young children but also it has become a tool really for alerting the world of what is going but also advertising and provoking to adults and the elderly.

buy custom Autonomy and Terminal Illness essay

buy custom Autonomy and Terminal Illness essay The attending physician should not write a DNR order without informing the patient. It is the right of the patient to know the treatment administered to her (Kilpi, 2000). Sally is in denial that she is terminally ill (Crigger, 1998). The cancer is so advanced that its reversal is impossible. Her husband is aware of this and has agreed with the doctors on the treatment to be offered. Sally on her part believes that the doctors are not doing enough to save her life (Crigger, 1998). She point out to the case that the doctors were unable to successfully carry out thoracentesis as incompetence on their part (Crigger, 1998). The doctors believe that the reason for the gravity of his sickness is her denial. From this, it is evident Sally will reject a DNR order as well if informed (Crigger, 1998). The physician can opt to give a DNR order. However, this will be against the patients rights (Kilpi, 2000). The physician has to inform Sally of the decision even if she has to refuse it. He has to explain to Sally the reason for the decision (Crigger, 1998). It is evident that her body is weak and liable to reaction to some treatments. Medical records show that her bone marrow cannot sustain the full course of chemotherapy. He should try to convince her to accept her fate and collaborate with them in administering the required treatment. The oncologist should give all the information about Sally to the physician (Crigger, 1998). This will help in administering the proper treatment required. It is the right of a patient to have her medical records kept private (Kilpi, 2000). The oncologist while revealing Sallys medical condition should be guided by this principle (Crigger, 1998). He should make sure that the information is not disclosed other than for the purposes of treatment. This should be done with the consent of the patient. The oncologist should also be informed of the DNR order (Kilpi, 2000). In turn, he should assess the consequences of the order to the patients health. He should then explain to the patient the implications of this order. Sallys husband should also be informed of the DNR order (Crigger, 1998). The patient being his wife, the outcome of the process directly affects him. He has already admitted that his wife sickness is terminal. However, he should not arrange about his wifes treatment without informing her. He should also seek consent from her wife while revealing details about her sickness to the attendant (Kilpi, 2000). If in any case the physician informs him about a DNR order, he should make a point of informing her wife. He should act within the principle of confidentiality in her wifes health matters (Kilpi, 2000). The attendant should carefully examine the patients health records. Despite the terminal illness, the patients rights should be observed (Crigger, 1998). The rights of the patient should guide any treatment decision undertaken. He should keep the patients medical records confidential (Kilpi, 2000). However, medical rules supersede patients right or wishes. The attendant should take control if the patient seems to overrule medical decisions. He should carefully examine the case and the medical records. He should examine the patients behavior throughout the process. From this, he should decide on the proper approach to the case. Sally has refused to accept her condition (Crigger, 1998). She continues demanding treatment, which her body cannot cope with. These treatments might result in premature death. Others will be futile and a waste of resources. The attendant should try and make Sally feel taken care of (Crigger, 1998). He should try to convince to accept a DNR order. He should try to explain its benefit towards her recovery. Should Sally fail to agree with DNR order, medical ethics should be the key (Crigger, 1998). The attendant should continue with the DNR order despite Sallys resistance to the order. This is because in such a situation, medical ethics take preference over the rights of the patient (Kilpi, 2000). Buy custom Autonomy and Terminal Illness essay

Biography of the German Explorer Carl Peters

Biography of the German Explorer Carl Peters Carl Peters was a German explorer, journalist and philosopher, instrumental in the founding of German East Africa and helped create the European Scramble for Africa. Despite being vilified for cruelty to Africans and removed from office, he was later praised by Kaiser Wilhelm II and was considered a German hero by Hitler. Date of birth: 27 September 1856, Neuhaus an der Elbe (New House on the Elbe), Hanover GermanyDate of death: 10 September 1918 Bad Harzburg, Germany An Early Life: Carl Peters was born the son of a minister on 27 September 1856. He attended the local monastery school in Ilfeld until 1876 and then attended college in Goettingen, Tà ¼bingen, and Berlin where he studied history, philosophy, and law. His college time was financed by scholarships and through early successes in journalism and writing. In 1879 he left Berlin University with a degree in history. The following year, abandoning a career in law, he left for London where he stayed with a wealthy uncle. Society for German Colonisation: During his four years in London, Carl Peters studied British history and investigated its colonial policies and philosophy. Returning to Berlin after his uncles suicide in 1884, he helped establish the Society for German Colonisation [Gesellschaft fà ¼r Deutsche Kolonisation]. Hopes For a German Colony in Africa: Towards the end of 1884 Peters traveled to East Africa to obtain treaties with local chiefs. Although unsanctioned by the German government, Peters felt confident that his endeavors would lead to a new German colony in Africa. Landing on the coast at Bagamoyo just across from Zanzibar (in what is now Tanzania) on 4 November 1884, Peters and his colleagues traveled for just six weeks persuading both Arab and African chiefs to sign away exclusive rights to land and trade routes. One typical agreement, the Treaty of Eternal Friendship, had Sultan Mangungu of Msovero, Usagara, offering his territory with all its civil and public privileges to Dr Karl Peters as the representative of the Society for German Colonisation for the exclusive and universal utilization of German colonization. German Protectorate in East Africa: Returning to Germany, Peters set about consolidating his African successes. On 17 February 1885 Peters received an imperial charter from the German government and on 27 February, after the conclusion of the Berlin West African Conference, the German Chancellor Bismarck announced the creation of a German protectorate in East Africa. The German East-African Society [Deutsch Osta-Afrikanischen Gesellschaft] was created in April and Carl Peters was declared its chairman. Initially a 18 kilometre costal strip was recognized as still belonging to Zanzibar. But in 1887 Carl Peters returned to Zanzibar to obtain the right to collect duties - the lease was ratified on 28 April 1888. Two years later the strip of land was purchased from the Sultan of Zanzibar for  £200,000. With area of almost 900 000 square kilometres, German East Africa almost doubled the land held by the German Reich. Searching for Emin Pasha: In 1889 Carl Peters returned to Germany from East Africa, giving up his position as chairman. In response to Henry Stanleys expedition to rescue Emin Pasha, a German explorer and governor of Egyptian Equatorial Sudan who was reputed to be trapped in his province by Mahdist enemies, Peters announced his intention to beat Stanley to the prize. Having raised 225,000 marks, Peters and his party depart from Berlin in February. Competition with Britain for Land: Both trips were actually attempts to claim more land (and gain access to the upper Nile) for their respective masters: Stanley working for King Leopold of Belgium (and the Congo), Peters for Germany. One year after departure, having reached the Wasoga on the Victoria Nile (between Lake Victoria and Lake Albert) he was handed a letter from Stanley: Emin Pasha had already been rescued. Peters, unaware of a treaty ceding Uganda to Britain, continued north to make a treaty with the king Mwanga. The Man With Blood on His Hands: The Heligoland Treaty (ratified on 1 July 1890) set German and British spheres of influence in East Africa, Britain to have Zanzibar and the mainland opposite and towards the north, Germany to have the mainland south of Zanzibar. (The treaty is named for an Island off the Elba estuary in Germany which was transferred from British to German control.) In addition, Germany gained Mount Kilimanjaro, part of the disputed territories - Queen Victoria wanted her grandson, the German Kaiser, to have a mountain in Africa. In 1891 Carl Peters was made the commissioner to renamed protectorate of German East Africa, based in a newly created station near Kilimanjaro. By 1895 rumors reached Germany of cruel and unusual treatment of Africans by Peters (he is known in Africa as Milkono wa Damu - the Man with Blood on his hands) and he is recalled from German East Africa to Berlin. A judicial hearing is undertaken the following year, during which Peters relocates to London. In 1897 Peters is officially condemned for his violent attacks on African natives and is dismissed from government service. The judgement is severely criticized by the German press. In London Peters set up an independent company, the Dr Carl Peters Exploration Company, which funded several trips to German East Africa and to British territory around the Zambezi River. His adventures formed the basis of his book Im Goldland des Altertums (The Eldorado of the Ancients) in which he describes the region as being the fabled lands of Ophir. In 1909 Carl Peters married Thea Herbers and, having been exonerated by the German emperor Wilhelm II and granted a state pension, he returned to Germany on the eve of the First World War. Having published a handful of books on Africa Peters retired to Bad Harzburg, where on 10 September 1918 he died. During World War II, Adolf Hitler referred to Peters as a German hero and his collected works were re-published in three volumes.

The History of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The History of Advertising - Essay Example This essay "The history of advertising" outlines the changes in the advertisement in course of times and its future. Advertising today is totally integrated with the term marketing, that it has become an activity similar to mass selling. In this respect it has to be distinguished from other activities intended to persuade the public, like propaganda, publicity and public relations. The techniques of advertising range in complexity from the publishing of simple notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the integrated marketing communications, involving the concerned use of advertising in newspapers, magazines, television and radio and on the internet as well as direct response, sales promotion and other communications vehicles in the course of a single campaign. From its humble beginnings in the ancient times, advertising had grown into a worldwide industry, with billions of dollars spent every year to influence the purchase of products and services. New age advertising Advertising has also changed not only in spending but by its nature, scope and components over the years. The channels (media), research, techniques of persuasion, industry structure, economic and social effects and regulation are the factors that have contributed to its change over the years. Today advertising messages are disseminated through numerous channels. The television, newspapers, direct mail, radio, yellow pages, magazines, business publications, outdoor advertising and farm publications were the traditional channels. But miscellaneous media such as window displays, free shopping news publications, calendars, blimps, sky writing by airplanes, sandwich boards carried by people walking the streets, delivery trucks painted with product messages, wrapping paper and shopping bags etc are employed to reach the advertisements to the potential buyers. The new information age has contributed the advertising industry with its new channels like the internet, gleaming with pop-up messages and e-mail alerts; the mobile phones with the SMS messages and the net savvy gadgets that download the entertainment along with the ad promos. Research is another factor that has contributed to the growth of the sector. It was only possible to approximate the effectiveness of various advertising a century ago. Today prospective advertisers were guided almost solely by estimates of magazine and newspaper readership. Advertising and market research has become so much sophisticated that advertisers and agencies frequently conduct extensive and expensive surveys to determine the potential acceptance of products or services before they are advertised nationally at costs that may amount to millions of dollars. Techniques of persuasion has also changed, most of them circumscribed only by the ingenuity of the creative mind, the limits of various channels of communication, by certain legal restrictions and by the standards self imposed by the industry. Modern advertising employs an astonishing variety of persuaders. Among these are humorous and entertaining television and radio commercials, appeals to the sense of smell by use of perfumed ink on paper, endorsements of products by celebrities, appeals to parents to give their children a better life and future, appeals to children to 'ask mommy' to buy certain break fast cereals and the controversial use of 'scare copy'. The advertising industry has also changed. Today we see a great transition from the old space brokerage to the new age big-budget

Close Reading of a Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Close Reading of a Poem - Essay Example You can almost see the speaker in the poem throwing tantrums at "daddy" blaming him for all her misfortunes. At best, the speaker in the poem did not attempt to hide her anger towards her father and her husband nor did she attempt to conceal her love for both men who tormented her and ruled her life for years. All throughout the poem, the speaker struggles to deal with her loss, her love and her hatred of her father. The speaker has unresolved issues against her father which she believed to be the root of all her sufferings and pain as an adult. Note that the speakers father died when she was ten so she never really had the chance to outgrow her fathers influence on her as most children do. In line 6 and 7 of the poem, the speaker said â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you / You died before I had time†. Her fathers death left a big hollow in the life of the speaker and she felt that even in death, her father still have influence over her. Actually, the idea of killing in the poem is more like a figure of speech. The speaker had always been scared of her father as a child and she wanted to get rid of the influence that her father had over her by "killing" her father. The idea of "killing" can be interpreted as "outgrowing" the influence of her father over her. Since her father died be fore she had the chance to breakaway from his domination, the speaker felt that she was trapped and unable to "kill" the feeling of being dominated. As the speaker in the poem reached adulthood, her feelings for her father remains almost childlike. If you take a closer look at the lyrics of the poem you will notice that the tone of the poem is purposely made childlike. Instead of addressing her father in a more formal tone that adults use, the speaker insistently called her father "daddy". At the time when this poem was written, adults usually refer to their fathers using the formal word "Father" and only little children venture to call their parents "mommy and daddy". What

Develop a public relations campaign Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Develop a public relations campaign - Article Example This paper will outline Riordan's PR campaign including its defined target audience, an overview of public relations issues, and implications of ethical issues. In addition, Riordan has implemented a marketing research plan and sought to align its marketing and public relation strategies The Riordan staff consists of 550 people and the company seeks to become a leader in embracing diversity in the workplace. Riordan has conducted research and believes that a strong business case exists for the employment of a diverse workforce. Effectively adopting and practicing diversity policies will benefit the company image, create greater attraction to potential employees, and reduce employment costs through improved retention in the workplace. A website reviewed by Riordan staff (www.embracingdiversity.org) states that, "A diverse team is a team in which every member of staff regardless of their age, gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation and regardless of how they operate, or what they look like are valued as an individual and not as a member of a group." Adopting guidelines is the easy portion of the task, with approximately 550 employees, implementing a company wide diversity initiative and gaining acceptance will prove to be difficult tasks. Riordan will have to place resources behind this initiative including Public Relations professional, support staff, and a measurement system. Currently Riordan's tracking and financial systems are not merged, meaning each facility operates independently and there is a very manual process to creating reports and accessing company information. This issue will need to be resolved and can be as a new software operating system has been identified but not approved for purchase. The diversity implementation can be used as further justification for the software. Additionally, Riordan has four manufacturing facilities with one located in China and the other three located in various regions in the United States. Specific Public Relations strategies and tools must be used to ensure a seamless diversity integration process. Target Audience Riordan Manufacturing strives to be a solution provider for its customers and not be a part of its customers' challenges. The company will maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that its employees are well informed and properly supported, it will provide a climate focused on the long-term viability of the company. Riordan must be focused in

The Lorax Essay Example for Free

The Lorax Essay â€Å"The Once-ler perceived a market opportunity, displayed extraordinary entrepreneurial spirit and proceeded to create an industry of Thneed manufacturing. His story exemplifies laissez faire economics and the potential of free market enterprise and what’s truly possible if government â€Å"stays out† of markets with needless regulations. So what went wrong? † In order to understand exactly the story of The Lorax as an allegory of economic principles you must understand in terms of different philosophy foundations, scarcity, uncertainty, interdependencies, and the duel nature of rights. Philosophy foundations are all based on making a choice in any given situation. In the story The Lorax by Dr. Seuss the two main characters, the Once-ler and the Lorax, had conflicting philosophical perspectives. The Lorax’s prevailing philosophical perspective is utilitarianism where the belief is â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number. † That is, in order to seek a greater social good once must chose the course of action that results in the maximum amount of overall good, not only for one’s own good, but also for the good of others. More in depth analysis of this perspective shows that â€Å"morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, but instead increase happiness or ‘utility’† (Driver, History). The Lorax spoke up against the Once-ler only when he believed the Once-ler was shrinking the happiness that the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, the Humming-Fish and himself, were experiencing in the environment around them from the Once-ler’s production of the Thneeds. The prevailing philosophical perspective of the Once-ler is egoism, that is, maximize one’s self-interest. In the story the Once-ler had been searching his entire life for trees such as the Truffula Trees to make something like the Thneeds that create business and money, which were all that he needs. The Once-ler didn’t care about the crummies in the tummies of the Brown Bar-ba-loots, or pollution that filled the air and the ponds that forced the Swomee-Swans and Humming-Fish out. The only thing he cared about was making the factory and wagons bigger to meet the capacity of Thneeds he wanted to ship out to make more money. In the story the Once-ler, the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish are all put in a situation known as Pareto Optimality. This â€Å"exists when economic resources and output have been allocated in such a way that no one can be made better off without sacrificing the well-being of at least one person† (Wisdom, V Pareto). In a situation like this it is hard for the perspectives, like that of the Once-ler and the Lorax, to have a positive outcome. If their perspectives had been different, say like ‘the golden rule’ or ‘do no harm’ perspectives, things have a much better potential to come out more ideal for everyone. As discussed in class, both of these philosophical perspectives believe in withholding harm to one’s self and to others. If these were the perspectives taken by the Once-ler and the Lorax, both would be happy, in addition to the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish, but given the Pareto Optimality environment it is almost impossible to make everyone involved happy, instead there needs to be a more costs-benefits perspective taken where things are weighed out and people pick as a whole what the best usage of resources should be to maximize the outcome for everyone. The basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants but resources are limited† (Investopedia). In the story scarcity affects the choices and the outcomes realized. The Once-ler held the power of control and chose to use his power over the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish to ignore their requests and use whatever he wanted to make the Thneeds, creating a scarcity among resources. The Brown Bar-ba-loots made the decision to leave town after the Once-ler created a scarcity of Truffula Trees which caused a shortage in Truffula Fruit, the main food that that ate. The problem with scarcity is that if it isn’t monitored then the resources will eventually run out. The Once-ler didn’t realize the scarcity he was creating among the clean air, Truffula Trees, and pond water by continuously using all of these resources without replenishing them. The outcomes of the choices he made left him with no demand, no money, and no resources to continue on with his business. Uncertainty is very hard to manage. You can’t assign a probability, value or outcome to something that is unknown. In the story the source of uncertainty is the biological nature of production. When you make poor decisions they are bound to have outcomes with issues of uncertainty. The Once-ler only saw the opportunities the Thneeds gave him incrementally; he didn’t look at the big picture of things. He failed to acknowledge every situation he faced with the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish, thinking they were all part of the standard operating procedures in business, causing each of the potential risks faced to create a much larger ap of uncertainty. By the end of the story the Once-ler poor decisions inefficiently used all of his resources up, forced everyone out of the town, and left him with the inability to manage these unintended outcomes of uncertainty. The interdependencies that are central to the story are asset specificity and high exclusion costs. Asset specificity is the aspect or feature of an asset that makes it useful for one or more specific purpos e and therefore cannot easily be sold off. The Truffula Trees, the ponds, and the air are all goods with specific uses to each individual with the potential to be held hostage by the Once-ler, the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, or the Humming Fish. In order for high asset specificity to occur there should have been some type of contract created between the parties to prevent one single party from taking advantage of the resources to achieve some opportunity. To avoid the potential of an asset holding situation, a buyer-seller relationship could have been created between the Once-ler and the the Lorax/Brown Bar-ba-loots/Swomee-Swans/Humming Fish. If this had occurred in the story the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish wouldn’t have been forced to leave and the environment would have lasted. High exclusion cost goods are what determines the provisions of the good; if the good exists for one user it is costly to exclude others. The Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds are all considered high exclusion cost goods. The Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish had the token right to exclude the Once-ler from using these goods unless he contributes to the production or maintenance of the goods, but they didn’t. This gave the Once-ler the ability to use the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds as he saw fit, that is to make the Thneeds, without contributing anything back. The Once-ler is a clear cut case of what is known as a free-rider; a major problem associated with high exclusion cost goods. Before the Once-ler comes to town, the property rights of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds lie with Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish; everyone respects the usage of one another and no actions need to be taken to enforce those rights. When the Once-ler comes to town the usage of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds comes into dispute. The Once-ler has the right to use Truffula Trees, the air, and the onds 24/7. The non-rights duties lie with the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish; they must respect and tolerate the Once-ler. The Lorax has the obligation to enforce those rights. If different endowments of property rights occurred, such as an ordinance that limited the Once-ler’s usage of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds, the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds wouldn’t have been overused and the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish wouldn’t have been forced to leave town.