Space Tourism: A Look In The Past And Future

position touristry A Look In The Past And Future seat touristry is tourism in which sort out(a)icipants lucre for flights into seat. infinite touristry is the term thats come to be utilize to pissed ordinary members of the creation buying tickets to travel to berth and back. M whatsoever spate find this base futuristic. But over the past few geezerhood a growing volume of master work has been d single on the subject, and its this instant top off that setting up commercial-grade infinite tourism go is a realistic target for business today.Its a limpid category of station travel which excessively includes travel in place for work purposes to date, mainly by organisation staff. In recent geezerhood it has been observed that, although presidential termal length agencies atomic number 18 non posted in home tourism, it is an objective of schooling of quadriceps femoris activities and get out help substanti on the wholey in funding the incident ope rations or operation.A give notice (of) published by NASA General Public outside pose Travel and Tourism in March 1998, endorses the base of infinite tourism pointed out that it is thoton to start sub-orbital flights that it promises to be a much blanket(a)r market that quad give.Although quadriceps tourism had come up in a number of cognizance fiction stories, it is an astonishing fact that in almost none of them, tourism is portrayed as more than a small-scale application greatly overshadowed by government property missions military operations, scientific look for, defence, etc. This is a good example of how the Cold War pattern of lacuna activities has paralytic the publics imagination. That is, government organizations carrying out monopoly missions in situation ostensibly for the benefit of the taxpayer and created a fixed image of what atomic number 18 quad activities, which has prevail the imaginations of scientists and engineers, politicians, the med ia, and the ordinary public for several decades.The price for a flight to the International piazza set is US$ 20-35 million. The spot tourists or the berth travel participants as cal guide by few, usually sign contracts with third parties to conduct position question while in orbit. This helps to minimize the expenses.Infrastructure is macrocosm developed for a suborbital space tourism assiduity by dint of the construction of spaceports in various separate of the adult male, including California, Oklahoma, for struggled-looking Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska, Wisconsin and Esrange in Sweden as puff up as the joined Arab Emi evaluate. more or less prefer to use the term personal spaceflight as in the case of the Personal spaceflight Federation. A number of startup companies throw sprung up in recent eld, hoping to create a space tourism industry. For a list of much(prenominal) companies, and the spacecraft they ar currently building, implement list of space t ourism companies. Russia halted orbital space tourism since 2010 referable to the increase in the International Space Station crew size, victimisation the seats for expedition crews that would be sold to paying spaceflight participants. up to now it is designingned to resume in 2012, when the number of single-use three-man Soyuz raisees rises to five flights in a year.Dispute over the terminology of space touristsDennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Gregory Olsen, Anousheh Ansari and Richard Garriott experience conveyed their intrust to be called mostthing opposite than space tourist. The reason accorded was that they carried out scientific experiments as part of their journey. Garriott has ex cupboarded his opinion to be called as one-on-one spaceman or surreptitious astronaut. Tito prefers to be go to bedn as an independent investigator and on that point atomic number 18 m each terminologies proposed by others as well. Charles Simonyi is the just now one who seems to deliver no issues more or less calling it space tourism. However, it is consequential to melodic phrase here that purge the outer(prenominal)(prenominal) Space accord or the other pertinent formulas do not provide with an appropriate commentary.NASA and the Russian federal official Space Agency prep atomic number 18 agreed to use the term spaceflight participant to distinguish space travelers from astronauts on missions set upd by the twain agencies.There is a tactile sensation that space tourism has a potential drop of being burgeoning industry that could further the instruction and resolve of space and so a film to settle the objections on terminology.Growth of an Early daydream Harnessing PotentialThe stinting promise of space tourism has been reasoned in some detail in earlier papers. Its potential to grow into a intumescent air verge-like business was described in 19861. Based on a wide range of link up research that has been published in the intervening 20 years, the potentially important stinting benefits were described with detailed supporting order in 20062. The major points argon summarized briefly here.The 2001 orbital flight by Dennis Tito on a Soyuz move up demonstrate the remarkable fact that, contempt having spent the equivalent of $1 trillion since the same type of rocket launched the head start-year satellite in 1957, the government space agencies of the OECD brace not reduced the prostitute of getting to space at all in half a century. Soyuz remains the cheapest and safest means of space travel.The 2004 flights of SpaceShipOne further demonstrated that sub-orbital flights could be do at a equal of about 1% of the replaceable rockets used by space agencies, and that commercial passenger operate could in principle invite started in the early 1970s, if not earlier. From the economic point of view this would set about been rattling desirable, creating unfermented industries and employment. Consequently i t is clear that governments space policies consider been responsible for a delay of 40 years so far in exploiting space travel economically.Studies by Asford and collins3, the Japanese Rocket Society ( JRS)4, the Space Transportation Association (STA) and NASA5, Ashford6, Bekey7 Futron (for NASA)8and others have increasingly showed that space travel could grow into a large raw(a) business activity that it could reduce the cost of traveling to orbit by 99% or more and that this could lead on to other invaluable activities such(prenominal) as CO2-free energy tag on from space9. Reducing launch cost sharply would besides enable large-scale economic information in space, contributing greatly to the resolution of global environmental conundrums, and removing the excuse for resource wars by making the limitless resources of space economically accessible. It could also have important cultural benefits10.It is also important to recognize that, from an economic or business point of view, the space industry is today genuinely unhealthy. Employment in rocket engineering in the USA drop off from more than 28,000 in 1999 to less than 5,000 in 200211, while European space industry employment fell by 20% from 1995 to 200512. The bottom line is that, like any other industry, unless the space industry starts to supply function that quarter grow to be sufficiently popular with sufficiently large numbers of the general public to reach substantial economic scale, it cannot incur a major commercial activity, and pull up stakes continue to impose a heavy burden on taxpayers.Accruing Benefits Advantages look into benefitsFor one it is an important to discuss as to why so much emphasis is given on space tourism and the purpose of space tourism. Space development, exploration as well as cultural renewal is the prospect of space tourism. The Space agencies have sufficient justification to contribute greatly to the development of space tourism, since it is their existing statutory responsibility or the duty to encourage the commercial use of space. Such agencies could contribute in different ways which ar nextly link to their existing fields of work, which include appropriate research, engineering development, education, and legal activities. The space agencies could possibly contribute done their research to short orbital stays by average people, treatment of minor-ailments in sombreness and so on.13Till date no government space office has provided more than minimal support for space tourism-related research, the resistance in spite of appearance space agencies is still far stronger than those favoring such efforts. This reluctance of government space agencies has adversely affected the budgets allocated to such activities which include space tourism. However, this view is fast changing due to two on pass trends. First is the worsening economic situation which has led to the increasing need for development of new industries to reduce world-wide unemployment. thus there is a lot of economic potential in such commercial activities which should be beneficially utilized.14And secondly the participation of unavowed players in space tourism activities is educating the public about such economically very valuable new space activities that could be developed without burdening space agencies budgets. economical benefitsUnder democracy and capitalism, if there is substantial remove for a particular service which is not threatening to some sections of society, people and agencies freely supply it. However, the development of commercial space activities like space tourism services ordain provide great economic and social benefits for charitableity than any business chance because of its potential to grow as large as aviation and make up more.15It has been reported that many of those involved in government-funded space activities and also politicians view space tourism as a savage of money and resources or not worth investing in because the devote on investment may be very low.16Tragically, space agencies themselves preferably than the general public decide what engineering science is developed. As a go space activities remain a burden on taxpayers sort of of a source of profit for the economy and the public loses interest in any kind of space development.This is a serious come aboutacy because in hereafter such space tourism services have the potential to fabricate a popular new branch of the leisure and travel industry with the help of advanced aerospace technology, the economic tack togethers of the crop of such activities will be very positive, not only for companies but also for world economic progress and society as a whole. Moreover down the stairs its influence, space development will resume its natural implication of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government-selected technology and there use in space, generally without econo mic benefit.Challenges Confronting Space TourismCommercial space activities today are mainly limited to communication theory, broad(a)cast culture medium and observation satellites. The decline in the commercial demand for satellites has lead to compaction of the commercial space industry and also to the need to develop new space markets if the space industry is to grow. Since there is no other space activity that offers any greater potential for growth, space agencies anti-space tourism fundament is growing increasingly untenable. thence in line we have sealed challenges that again pose a threat to the development and growth of space tourism. Cost is one of the biggest challenges as such space travel by tourists is limited only to rich people till now. OECD space agencies have spent approximately $1 trillion since 1961 without any reduction in the cost of getting to space at all. This clearly reveals that space agencies have not been trying to cut the cost of getting to spac e. The fact is that the space agencies do not know how the cost of space flight can fall, because they have not studied the possibility. This strongly suggests that the cost of access to space as achieveed by space agencies in orders of magnitude is higher than it inescapably to be.17As further evidence of this, NASA is proposing to expend $14 billion for developing an expendable capsule of comparable capability to the Apollo capsule 40 years before, though possibly carrying more passengers. This vehicle would have a cost many epochs higher than Soyuz and would have no economic value.18As a minute, unless they accept that there is an urgent need to reduce costs as far as technology allows, and to observe space tourism as the only activity that offers to link the economic energy of consumer using up on space development, space agencies role in the future development and exploration of space is likely to shrink progressively. Ultimately, by reducing the cost of space activities, the development of space travel will lead to the immutable and progressive expansion of human culture into space However this will also require institutional change.As already discussed that space agencies commission more on development of satellites and the recent decline of commercial demand for satellites has led to rapid contraction of the space industry, of which the annual revenues are now barely 2% of the $1 trillion of cumulative expenditure do by OECD space agencies to date.19Thus it has become a strong notion that the agencies spend every year on space activities which are neither profitable nor lead to development of commercial space activities. In summary, space agencies prohibit stance is not economically justifiable it is based on governmental calculation. Thus any kind of political considerations as well as stance of politicians play a vital role in discouraging such activities. So all this needs to change and the space agencies should remember their statutory r esponsibilities.Insurance Industry and Space Activities LinkedAs space tourism matures, it shows a picture of tremendous opportunity for injurys companies to offer dawnage to space travelers, a much similar activity to what they carry out in airlines. Neither in space fair play or air practice of law has the contract of amends been regulated on an transnational level. Space Insurance has, however been available from backstage sources from a number of years. Space Insurance concerns especially communication satellites. The first insurance policy satellite contract, written for Intesats Early Bird in 1965, provided pre launch coverage. Pre-launch coverage will cover risk associated with the manufacturing and transport of satellites, but cover for the launch itself is also available. The two forms may include the risk of loss or damage to the space object and the risk of loss or damage to the on-board equipment. Regarding the insurance of spacecraft, I would like observe the following insurers play a very important role, reducing the financial risk, which will make parties more willing to finance spacecraft. The problem is that the companies would like to see the result first20.International conference on space business, was organized as part of Bengaluru Space Expo 2010, where speakers scrutinized that since Yuri Gagarins flight in 1961, 38 citizens from all over the globe have flown in space. intimately of the individuals till date who have flown either were astronauts, military personnel or scientists who have been expensively and extensively trained, but as of now, one will also see the event of space tourism with space access for personal individuals.S Ramakrishnan, handler of ISROs Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, said that apart from satellite and space intromission sector, personal space flights, space tourism and other space tourism activities are emerging as a likely market for insurance industry.Ramakrishnan referred to the successful Spaceship-I venture, and the Spaceship-II which is expected to take place shortly.These initiatives are currently being catered to only select people who enjoy the adventure spirit they are perhaps paving the way for possible sub-orbital trans-atmospheric passenger and cargo conveyance systems with commercial potential in not likewise distant future.At a session on risk management for space ventures, it was pointed out that risk cover in space tourism is possible, and something we can imagine. It was also pointed by Ramakrishnan as to the change in policy direction in USA-NASA in handing over of the earth orbit transportation sector to private sector, which has also been taking separate and promotional initiatives in this regard.As space tourism matures into personal space transportation system, it can be foreseen that what happened in beginning of the airline business (when insurance players started offering insurance cover for passengers) is taking the same turn in space touris m. Executive vice-president of ISB, Tim Wakeman, utterance on risk and insurance solutions for space ventures in the 21st century, said, within India, the space industry is thriving and contributing around 10,000 crore( vitamin C billion) per annum to the Indian economy. He said it is a good clock time to buy insurance for spacecraft as market conditions are favorable with premium rates declining and availability of insurance capacity is expiration up three-four times the demand. art object space venture promises huge returns with an evolving sector, the execution risks are far too high.Risks involved in space sector are related to industrial, technological, commercial, financial, legal and in particular, insurance.Officials said that the time is ripe to share the risks and returns with other stakeholders who plan to enter business in space activities. Also it was said that condescension the recent economic de pressure levelion, the global space industry remains big-shouldered and healthy, get together States decision to emphasize on commercial resupply of the International Space Station and reallocation of fiscal resources from Space Shuttle or man space to earth observations and exploration.Indias space industry is registering explosive growth, with many opportunities for natal and unconnected suppliers to help further develop the countrys communication theory and positioning, among other things. The supra statement was do by Tom Captain, vice-chairman, Deloitte LLP, Global Aerospace Defence welkin Leader.A report released by CII-Antrix-Deloitte during the conference said the spending in space activities is expected to increase by an average of 14.8 per cent per annum in India over the next four years and estimated to be 10,000 crore (100 billion) by 2014. India is ranked sixth currently globally in harm of technological capabilities and space budget, behind the US, Europe, Japan, Russia and China, as mentioned in a brisk India Space Market St udy.Legal Regulations concerning Commercial Activities in spaceIn near future space tourism will become the contract of private enterprises. However, commercial activities not necessarily need non-governmental or private participation. But for some reason it is the private enterprises that have supported the idea of space tourism until now. Space Tourism revolves around public interest and public welfare which in turn creates a tremendous need for manpower. Thus the states should support and provide adequate platform to private enterprises.at once a big that follows is which law will govern such private enterprises carrying out such activities. National law and International law both can be made applicable. Here we will be counseling only on international regulations that govern such entities. However, this takes place in an indirect way i.e. government and non-government bodies sometimes delegate certain tasks on private enterprise, Therefore the legal conditions regarding privat e activities in outer space have to be examined.Relevant Space Law treaties, Agreement and linguistic rules. outermost Space Treaty of 1967The Outer Space Treaty is taken as the backbone of international space law. When the said Treaty was created and came to force there was no clue as to direct private activities in outer space. Nevertheless the Outer Space Treaty does not disregard private activities in outer space altogether. Art. VI and IX of Outer Space Treaty can be referred in this context. Moreover Art. I of the accordance mention the freedom principle and include the adept of free access, the right of free exploration, and the right of free use. This freedom is only granted to the States.21 social united Nations has also deliberated on this issue through its resolution 1962(X viii) of the General meeting entitled Declaration on Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the exploration and use of Outer Space. On the same lines Soviets have also proposed that all activities of any kind pertaining to the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out solely and exclusively by States.22The Outer Space Treaty also stipulates the principle of exploration and use of outer space and so space tourism comes within the scope of use in this context. It is important to note here that no provision in the treaty mentions commercial. Art. VIII of Outer Space Treaty gives jurisdiction, ownership and control over the space object and its personnel in outer space into states hands. Although the Outer Space Treaty mainly discusses States Parties it has a ruling effect on such activities by private enterprises. Art. VI of Outer Space Treaty stipulates a national State responsibility for outer-space-activities carried either by a governmental or private organization.23Thus risks of space tourism could finally fall on states and they can be held reasonable. Such a legal situation is not satisfying for the State Parties or for the private enterprises e ngaged in space tourism. obligation ConventionThe obligation Convention was created as a consequence of Art. VI Outer Space Treaty i.e. the responsibility-principle. Art. II of the Liability Convention makes the launching state absolutely liable to pay salary for any kind of damage caused by its space object on the earth surface or to aircraft in flight.24Article III of obligation convention and IV of Outer Space Treaty provide that if the damage is caused elsewhere other than the surface of the earth, the launching state shall be only liable in case the damage is due to its fault or the fault of persons for whom it is responsible which covers non-governmental entities as well. The launching state is absolutely liable and is liable in different degrees of fault, but in final consequence the state is liable for damage caused by a private enterprise.25This adversely affects space tourism as the states refuse to allow private enterprises to perform space tourism, or that states set up exaggerated requirements. However, the Liability Convention must be considered as insufficient with regard the aspect of settlement of claims. Therefore it is suggested that the potentially unlimited liability of states mentioned in liability convention should be replaced by an international agreement that stipulates a limited and guaranteed maximum-amount-liability for such activities.Registration Convention 1975The Registration Convention has two main functions i.e. to coordinate launches and to ensure identification of the launching state in measure of the Liability Convention. Private enterprises that want to carry out space tourism have to comply with this procedure. The problem occurs when a launching state is not a Member State of the Registration Convention. Thus this problem needs to be resolved for avoiding any kind of conflict.26Further in line we have the Moon Agreement and the Rescue Agreement that can also be referred while dealing with the legal issues involved in space tourism. victorious into consideration the present situation where there is no peculiar(prenominal) law that deals particularly with space tourism and at the same time front man of insufficient laws on outer space make the situation worse. Thus there is an immediate need to enact legislation for commercial activities in outer space such that states supervise the outer-space-activities of their governmental organizations or private enterprises. Another solution is to create an international treaty that grants an equal normalisation and leads to more transparency and reliability for private enterprises in space tourism or any other commercial activity in outer space.Environment concernsEnvironmental concerns in case of space tourism cannot be avoided and is a big area of concern. Space-touristic traffic can have an effect on the environment on earth. However, newly-developed transport-systems which resemble more like aircrafts will work more efficiently and therefore less p olluting. Art. IX of Outer Space Treaty also talks about the preservation of aeriform bodies environment that might be interfered by space tourism. Accumulation of detritus can also pollute the outer space environment.27Thus charge in mind the common-heritage-principle space tourism has to comply with environmental standards. completionHumans have outgrown the Earth several decades ago. Now it is time to train the view that deceived both government and the public into believing the myth that space is a barrier rather than being full of opportunities. There are prospects in future for the start of sub-orbital passenger space flight operations from newly- developed commercial spaceports. Thus in order to maximize the benefits of this opportunity the public in many countries have to compel their governments to make relevant institutional changes which are needed to overcome the long stagnation of space activities maintained by the space agencies only and their clients who profit fro m present arrangements.Space tourism contains aspects of space transportation, manned space flight, and commercialization of outer space. Considering the loopholes in the existing laws there is an immediate need for a regulation, be it a treaty, to deal and cover conflicts and disputes that may arise. On these lines, there have been efforts made to create an agreement, to mention one, e.g. the Draft Convention on Manned Space Flight. Moreover, the approach of international space law needs to be the right way re-defined and reconsidered to enable private enterprises to directly perform such commercial activities.The time has come to recognize that, far from being an eccentric or even misguided fringe activity, space travel and tourism should already be the mainstream and it would have been but for the huge economic and social deviations caused by the rimy war. But instead of being the passive victims of history specifically of unhappy incidents such as the cold war which destroy ed vast quantities of resources, killed millions of people, and mischievously stunned the development of the space industry to turn the focus on missiles and expendable launch vehicles developed from them. Initially this increased the rate of development of expendable rockets capable of delivering heavy payloads to orbit, and thereby increased the rate of first crewed flights to orbit. The after effect of this, was, that, civician space activities based on expendable vehicles became a victim of cold war politics, and are still dominated by government space agencies political agendas, rather than generating economic value.The growth of Space Tourism Movement, which can be reasonably called so, is going to have a huge beneficial cultural effect, which will widen human horizons as appropriate for the 21st century. Under its influence, space development is going to resume its original meaning of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government- selected technology for use in space, generally without economic benefit. And the space age will have its original meaning of the period when people go to space as passengers, customers, employees, operators, managers and tenants but for government employees. As such, tourism is not going to be just a small part of future space activity, a small-scale activity even made smaller by government space agencies it is going to be the mainstream and highlighted space activity. Already it should have been the main focus of the government agencies by now. It is an extraordinary and a non performing idea that private citizens traveling to and from space should not be the main activity in space. The idea that government knows damp than the general public as to how their money should be spent is fundamentally a Soviet one28. But even after consuming $1 trillion on government space activities with no commensurate economic benefit to taxpayers, it is high time for the general public to insist that this mistaken policy be reframed and their demands be made significant to space development, as they are in aviation industry.Research orderology Impact of US Press on PakistanResearch Methodology Impact of US Press on PakistanCHAPTER 3RESEARCH methodologyAPPROACHES softQualitative research is exploratory, and it is used when we dont know what to suppose, to describe the problem or develop a slant to the problem. Its also used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore tones related to the problem at hand. Common selective information collection methods used in soft research is focus groups, in-depth interviews, continuous observation, bulletin boards, and ethnographic contribution/observation.Qualitative methods that pronounce the properties of an event associated to the creator, or by using the expressive interpretations of wry experience. Qualitative researchers, through the participants own reference frame social phenomenon is consecrate to considerate and inve stigation of how the world experience. Qualitative methods is a basic tout of human communication language will persist and as close as possible to the interpretation and understanding of a key in the map. Common qualitative methods, participatory action research, interview, observation, and qualitative case consider (Evans, 2007).QuantitativeQuantitative research is conclusive research in its determination as it attempts to stripe the problem and understand how predominant it is by looking for projectable results to a big population. In Quantitative research we collect data through surveys (online, phone, paper), assessments, points of using up and click-streams.Quantitative research is systematic empirical field of operation of social phenomena through statistical, numerical data or computational techniques, and numerical.The determination of quantitative research is to produce and apply mathematical models, theories and/or assumptions pertaining to phenomena. In quantitat ive research procedure of measurements necessary because it creates the association among empirical observation and mathematical building of quantitative familys. Quantitative data is every data that is in mathematical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. (Lisa, 2008).In the field of media studies, depth psychology of frame of reference can be a place where discourse outline and center summary, typically by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. (Neuendorf, 2002).In fact, main purpose of this drive is to check over the US Policy towards Pakistan and India and framing in American newspapers therefore researcher used qualitative as well as quantitative approach to analyze the inclination of US press towards Pakistan and India in the selected newspapers.For this purpose researcher used content analysis as method of aim. Qualitative content analysis is a uncontrollable and critical procedure for examining or evaluating the written material. This means that resu lts cover version a wide range of qualities have been attained using the method. essence analysis is a broadly used qualitative research technique. (Potter Levine-Donnerstein, 1999Sandelowski, 1995a, Hsiehand Shannon, 2005) subject matter AnalysisContent analysis is a quantitative, systematic, and objective technique for describing the evident content of communications (Berelson, 1952).RESEARCH QUESTIONSThis study will examine the inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India in the US Editorial study, Studied the two tip US youthfulspapers the New York Times and the Washington Post. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious and leading newspapers of US. It is also said that these newspaper are the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world.The main questions of the Study areWhat are t he impacts of the American press relevant to the takes of Pakistan in their inclination towards India?What are the impacts of the American press related to the Issues in Pakistan in their inclination towards Pakistan?Research DesignHansen Cottle (1998) propose that researchers should not only consider which the most appropriate method for their study is but also what conclave of research methods might produce a better and deeper understanding of it. The aim should always be to choose those methods, or combination of methods, which can elaborate the most angles and dimensions of what are invariably multidimensional and labyrinthian processes and phenomena (Hansen, A. Cottle, S. 1998). Keeping in view the nature and requirement of this study, content analysis, the study is mainly a content analysis, which observed both qualitatively and quantitatively the Inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India In some issues in The New York Times and the Washington Post Last 3 Yea rswater system issueIndo-Pak peaceful relations (Trade, Showbiz, Sports)Kashmir issueGas blood line atomic powerTerrorismOthers/ conglomerate4. MethodologyContent analysis method is adopted to conduct this study because having limited time or resources researcher only can manage to observe the newspapers, other methods for this study are more time and resources consuming. Content analysis produces a relatively systematic and comprehensive summary of overview of the data set as whole, sometimes incorporating a quantitative element. (Reference)Content AnalysisBernard Berelson defined Content Analysis as a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communications (Berelson, 74).Content analysis is a method for scientifically exploring written, oral or pictorial communication. It provides a quantitative (numerical) explanation. Many content analyses comprise media impress (newspapers, magazines), video, movies, television, t he Internet. Holsti (1969) compromises a comprehensive definition of content analysis as, any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages (p. 14).Kerlinger (1986) has defined it as content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables, (cited in Wimmer, 1994163-164)Content of the two newspapers, New York Times and Washington Post canvass for this study for three year. (From January 2011 to December 2013) because data availability is possible in these years relevant to my topic thats why I choice that specific time period. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious newspapers of US and also the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world. The content analysis of the editorial is the ..rationale for the Selection of the Two NewspapersHo (1962) defines prestige newspapers by two standards(a) flavour of news reports and(b) The influence on other media and political elites.According to this definition of prestige newspapers, The New York Times and The Washington Post are selected for this study both for quality and influence.According to Izadi (2007), The New York Times, and The Washington Post are deliberated prestige newspapers and all two are amongst the main media outlets in the United States. He transcripts that these are also leading newspapers regarding the coverage of international events.1.2. population and Sampling communityPopulation is the broad class of units that are to be covered in a hypothesis and it can also be defined as the units to which the findings of a specific study might be generalized (Neuman). Target population is the aggregation of units from which sample is actually selectedP opulation for this study will be all the editorials published in The New York Times and The Washington Post three year.SamplingA sample distribution element is the unit of analysis or a case in a population (Neuman).A process of drawing representative elements from the bigger population or universe is called sampling. Obvious advantage of sampling is especially savings in time and money. (Cited in Khel, 200048)By using purposive sampling researcher will take only those editorials which are related to the issues of Pakistan mentioned above. The editorials of the New York Times and The Washington Post were rescued from the E-Newspapers. January 2011 to December 2013. Editorials are deliberated the official view of a newspaper. According to Henry and Tator (2002), editorial study verifies to be very important when analyzing the ideological role of news media. The data for this research study include all editorials using the word -Pakistan- in the headline or lead paragraph in the sele cted newspapers from Jan 2011 to Dec 2013. each(prenominal) editorial was coded in terms of topic, frame, Slant and length.Sample SizeIn this study sample size mean editorials related to US foreign policy towards Pakistan and India in certain time period for analysis. Researcher selected the time period from January 2011 to December 2013 and selected Newspapers are the New York Times and The Washington Post.Unit of AnalysisIn this study unit of analysis is editorial because newspaper consists on many content. Therefore, researcher selected the particular unit for study. Also broad unit creates the problem for researcher as well as believability and validity.Time periodAll the editorials of the above mentioned newspapers from January 2011 to December 2013 are used in this study.Categories and DirectionsThe categories are the heart of the content analysis. The collection of the data becomes possible and easy through the structure of the categories. A category in content analysis is a set of criteria or a measure, which are unified round a theme or a value (Sarandakos, 1998 281).These Categories are prepared for the current study the following categories are helped to find and investigate the US inclination towards Pakistan and India during the selected time period and also explore the relationship between both countries are positive or negative, favor or disfavor, foe or friend in the perspective of American press. The categories are followingA. Gas PipelineB. Kashmir DisputeC. Pak-Indo Peace RelationD. body of water IssueE. Nuclear PowerF. TerrorismG. Others/ miscellaneousThe editorials regarding the above mentioned categories are treated to check the following directionsPositive/Supportive/ Favorable (+)Negative/ exact/ Unfavorable (-)Neutral (1)Favorable any(prenominal) editorial is considered Favorable (+) if its stance is positive about Pak-India relations.UnfavorableAny editorial is considered as Unfavorable, (-) which is negative in tone or its stance is negative about Pak-India relations.NeutralAny editorial is deliberated as neutral (0) if the content of the editorial portrays faint spotlight of an issue or shows a balance of both positive and negative arguments regarding Pak-India relations.Issues descriptionsWar on TerrorismTerrorism was an old phenomenon. About extend two to three decades ago, terrorism was generally arose due to native issues and go with by small groups that coveted to draw consideration to their origin through terrorist actions. It was formulated to finish a few but catch the attending of huge spectators. Currently, Terrorism is an ideologically driven phenomenon, its agenda is not butt against to one country, and it is universal in charisma. The multinational flora of terrorism has led the governments to adopt new policies and improve collective regional efforts.After the 9/11 activity in America, the American administration stated an international war on terror, including open and secret military o perations, new safe regulation, determinations to slab the financing of terrorism, and much more. America called all other countries to join this war against terrorism emphasizing that either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. Most of the countries join this fight against terrorism, often implementing strict new laws, lifting long-standing legal protections and marching up native policing and intelligence work.Critics protest that the war against terrorism is an political theory of fear and repression that creates enemies and promotes violence rather than mitigating acts of terrorism and to strengthen the security. The global scat has too often displaced an excuse for governments, opposition groups and ignores international law and civil liberties to be. Governments should combat terrorism through international cooperation with international law and respect for civil liberties and human rights. Governments should also consider the causes of terrorism, in particular political alienation address by prejudice, state-sponsored violence and poverty.Kashmir DisputeGas PipelinePak-Indo Peaceful RelationNuclear PowerWater IssueOthers / MiscellaneousOperationalization1.4. Data Analysis and InterpretationThe following categories are to be analyzed for the study in hand whereA represents Nuclear PowerB represents Kashmir DisputeC represents Pak-Indo Peaceful RelationD represents Water IssueE represents Gas PipelineF represents TerrorismG represents others/ Miscellaneous

The use of the loose coupling theory

The use of the escaped coupling surmise let go coupling theory proposes that different parts of an judicature ar in the main related to unmatchable an early(a). This jackpot be dumb as that different divisions of an organization atomic number 18 generally twin with one a nonher, i.e. activities in the higher education department atomic number 18 loosely join to those in the English department activities in one department take a minimal impact, or take a long duration to carry up, in the some otherwise. The main thesis of his article is to argue that in that respect atomic number 18 s crimson pros and corresponding cons of loose couplings. According to Weick (1976), loose coupling is a cognitive result to an environment of constant qualifying, in which connections, networks, diffusion, imitation, and affable analogy ar little prevalent. The loose coupling systems (LCSs) are uncoordinated and start greater differentiation among components, high degrees of sp ecialization among workers, and low predictability of future action, including change. In general, loosely coupled systems probably are cheaper to coordinate, barely are very tall(prenominal) to systematically change. The goal of Weicks article is to show that all organizations do non function with tight linkages some organizations, like educational systems, are more than than(prenominal) loose, which may create more difficult line of works for interrogationers.The loosely coupled cost has a strong parallel in more fresh approaches to viewing organizations as k nonty systems, which has attracted goodish post among forethought and organizational theorists. Birnbaum argues that interlacing systems such as collegial or bureaucratic sanctuary markls provide insights to the outline of LCSs. Complex systems are bottom-up phenomena, also de go down as systems comprising large numbers of agents in highly connected webs, roll in the hay display two high levels of guild and complaint. Importantly, order in complex systems is usually a result of micro-structuring transites that provide for robust self-organization. This form of order is non dependent on hierarchical control save is distributed, and it keister lead to system-wide stability (or instability). Complex systems do well when they engage in a search for healthier and discover-off states, otherwise searches are directed from the big top down, and system will likely settle into scarce moderately match states. Also systems must be relatively free to interact with other systems until good fitting strategies are found. Complex systems have a bun in the oven slow response times not because they are whatsoever slower than simpler systems in spy environ noetic threats and opportunities, but because the handle of adjustment takes longer. Educational systems demonstrate tidy robustness and resilience in the face of both environmental and mean change, thence the key is to focu s on relationships and the building of similar appearance based around trust. Weick (1976) notes that more loosely coupled organizations offer advantages in complex environments. More elevator carnomous groups may be more new to environmental change, and offer more simultaneously adaptation to conflicting demands at the institutional level. If problems develop in one part of the system, it can be sealed off from the rest of the system. Efforts to create a less loosely coupled system or to control and telephone exchangeize have not altered the overall complex system, which still remains loosely coupled.The theory of LCS is crucial to Rhoades argument about strategic activity. term Weicks strengths and challenges related to LCSs are positioned in difficulties to change organizations systematically, Rhoades approach calls for ontogeny of strategic activity with managerialism. Rhoades emphasizes that managerialism and market approaches are two sets of ideas that recently have i nfluenced educational decision-making processes. The problem with these ideas, peculiarly in loosely tight educational organizations, is that although it provided some change, it may not provide a basis for future improvement in education, peculiarly in student keying. Within this model there is an presumption that there is a tight coupling mingled with education insurance policy (e.g. curriculum) and how teachers teach. Where improved performance is sought it is pursued through the manipulation of stiff mechanisms such as rules, procedures, rewards or changed evaluation. Bureaucratic hierarchies have however been more and more pinkd for universe non-responsive and in good means for organizing public administration. With respect to education, they have certainly proven resistant to change. Managerial initiative is substantial to Rhoades in paltry the universities frontward, which is in contrast with loose couplings assumption where planned change has a low predictabilit y as is unlikely to be successful inside loose coupling environment.Loose coupling concept also poses some problems for leading who want to change their organizations. Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) were well aware of this problem of change in loosely coupled systems. They argued that administrators could get around it by pictureing ship canal to tighten the coupling patters in their organizations, such as reorganization and stabilization of exchange relationships. The idea was to reduce essential and immaterial variability in the system so that it could be more easily controlled. Thus, loosely coupled organizations can embrace change because its impact is limited. For instance, the English department can change without any punishment if no other departments are touched by its changes the loosely coupled organization as a self-colored isolates and neutralizes disturbance however, change is slow. External as well as internal influences are absorbed by this organizational structu re. So, the individual departments are not themselves typically difficult to change rather, the problem lies in acquire the undefiled organization to change, in diffusing the change across the networks. Birnbaum (1988) clearly articulates that to confirm academic leadership, one must reform structures, adopt more rationalized management systems, and increase the power of executive leadership to make faster, more efficient, and more causeive decisions, but for leadership to be effective within LCS, colloquy has to be present as a sense of general bareness in institutional governance and climate. Leaders create organized disorder in which dynamic things recover at multiple locales within the system, thus creating a new behavior rather than controlling organizational activities. Also, the lotion of data to interaction permits information to influence preferences and possibilities, and that leads to decisions grounded in reality. It is not only about collection, analysis, and d issemination of data, but also about different constituents being interested in that data and how it interacts (Birnbaum, 1988). The interaction leads not only to appointed administrative decision-making, but also to being rational and looking for consensus among loosely coupled units. Complex organizations cannot function effectively over the long consideration without leaders to coordinate the activities, represent them, and symbolize the institutional purpose (Birnbaum, 1988).As to administrative decision-making, Weick (1976) notices that LCSs are difficult to change systematically, thus any decision-making change that has to be discussed will encounter a problem of systematic change. The bother with applianceation of any administrative change will always neck down to the fact that teaching is isolated work and improving direction is purely a matter of individual initiative. Thus, the problem with administrative decision-making in LCS is that colleges do not show any collec tive impact on student learning. The problem with it is also that decision-making is explicitly and directly concerned with the instructional core of education by arguing that educational institutions and their faculty and mental faculty need to be accountable for student learning. Moreover, loose coupling implies that the showtime of an effect may be located at a considerable distance in time or organizational structure from the effect itself, thus amplification of non-linear cycles makes it possible for an insignificant decision to have a major effect as it moves through the system over time (Birnbaum, 1988, p. 71). Birnbaum describes this as butterfly effect and indicates that cause and effect are difficult to predict or determine in loose coupling model. Moreover, rotary systems that he describes may also imply about administrative decision-making. He encourages thinking in circles as thinking of unintend consequences that may attire with complexity of how things interact. A lthough, institutional prestige, faculty morale, student enrollment, and sense of community are crucial for this model, the feedback loops are missing from this model as well as culture of the organization. Also, local adaptations will not always assist with generating efficient responses to system-wide challenges in a decision-making process. Loose coupling implies slow diffusion of central initiatives. As a consequence, the administrator would have to start projects earlier, start more projects, start projects in a greater variety of places, and even babble more frequently about those projects that have been started. The panorama of educational systems as being loosely coupled calculates to be weak at formulateing one major decision making fact that approaches to schooling have remained unmistakably uniform across geography and time. If education systems are loosely coupled, assorted practices should emerge in response to differing local needs and differing ideas about educa tion. Loose coupling can account for the diversity of ways in which units implement different decisions for instance, the RCM is the way to find innovative options to strengthen individual units where the marrow squash does not correlate with units (Rhoades, 2000). In order to improve administrative decision-making, the administrator should emphasize the role of interaction among an organizations members, as well as quislingism and negotiation as methods to determine how decisions should be carried.2. The elan 2 noesis achievement model is perhaps the most well-known term employ to indicate the impact of changes for the university sector. Gibbons et. al.(1994) in the mid-1990s presented their way 2 theory utter that university researchers, who previously most often worked on internal disciplinal musical mode 1 problems, were now more inclined to involve themselves closely in industrial and governmental research collaborations. Economical factors were seen to be the driver s, as contiguous relations between university research and industry developed to meet opposition from the growing economies. This veer prompted new organizations such as think tanks or hybrid organizations, which often were places where the new front research was to be found. Gibbons et. al. referred to these as Mode 2 organizations, seeing them as generic for the whole research landscape. It seems that Mode 2 model especially in research sports stadium was a result of a general economic development towards post-industrialism. Moreover, mode 2 noesis production model is application-based, and can be explored in an interdisciplinary fashion. As such, the emergence of Mode 2 production would not eclipse Mode 1 methods entirely. In a resource-seeking environment, Mode 2 would likely be more attractive to outside funding agencies and investors ascribable to its application-based principles. Mode 2 may not lead to increased social accountability rather than being held to social va lues, Mode 2 cognition would respond to market values, thus will privilege certain kinds of knowledge over others. In this sense, Mode 2 is related to academic capitalist economy that proposes market- germane(predicate) knowledge production.From an academic capitalism perspective, Mode 2 can have a tendency to focus on disciplines with well-known possibilities for commercial use, i.e. apply science and medicine, whereas other disciplines may be mostly ignored. By the very(prenominal) token, since both concepts are normative, the system of norms may be well affected especially among traditionalistic researchers within social sciences. In this area, internal interests for research questions seem to be far away from industrys interest for commercial products or the governments interest for useful results. However, one can make an argument supporting Mode 2 and somehow against the notions of academic capitalism. It has to be noticed that Mode 2 would not push research outside of th e university, but rather that applied science and the facilities for training researchers would make university-industry relations stronger. For instance, the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and related reason property legislation profoundly affected the commercial potential of government-sponsored research and still allowed research to be conducted within the realm of universities walls. Thus, technology convey was quite symbolic and the Act was a step toward developing a social exchange between university science and clubhouse. In this sense, Mode 2 can be seen as a positive engine that transform the public research model. Moreover, knowledge production is crucial because knowledge gild seen through the lens of academic capitalism would focus more on the activities of higher education institutions in the two countries in a position regional sphere. Thus, the argument may take us to propositions of globalisation and supranationalization.A reexamination that may arise from academic ca pitalism proponents is the fact that there is no support for a merger of interests between researchers and industry. Researchers at the institutes (or centers of excellence) quite devote their precious time to a compendiouser research perspective that is purely approach shot from the industry or directed toward it. This process was seen as influenced by reductions in state-support, an explanation quite close to the one put forward by Slaughter Leslie (1997). Thus, Mode 2 may jeopardize a strictly public focus of research universities when these start heavily getting involved with the industry. Even though Mode 2 involves multidisciplinary teams brought together for short periods of time to work on special(prenominal) problems in the real world, this concept, from strictly academic capitalism review article, may not show any organizational diversity, which is at the core of academic capitalism. Also, academic capitalism may criticize Mode 2 as a concept of political political orientation rather than a descriptive theory that academic capitalism claims to be. As for similarities, both concepts apply that there are three major actors in science university, industry and government and these extend beyond their former specific areas and change their former roles in closer collaborations for the benefit of economic development of society, thus academic capitalism partly confirms the claims of rising Mode 2.From the perspective of institutional theory, Mode 2 is a problem related to institutional structures. From an institutional theory standpoint, there are templates for organizing institutions that are implicitly unders tood and translated to new members of an organization. Moreover, these templates are interpretive schema, underlying values and assumptions, similar to mental models (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983 Scott, 1995). Templates of institutional behavior create resistance to change. One concept within the institutional theory that has regularly been a pplied to higher education institutions to explain change is institutional isomorphism (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983), which suggests that institutions do not change as a result of a competitive market, external pressures or efficiency, but rather through the force of homogenization, striving to be like other types of colleges perceived to be elite. Mode 2 contrasts with institutional theory in the sense of the concept of change because influence of market and other external forces (such as NGOs or TNOs) create a high degree of heterogeneousness among institutions. Institutional isomorphism also suggests that institutions tend not to be distinctive in their identity development or image, while Mode 2 emphasizes on organizations that do not have to necessarily conform to the rules and whimsey systems prevailing in the existing environment. For instance, older and well-established universities with strong cultures will have more specific power to resist change, while other institution s may be more vulnerable to market ideas. Since universities are complex and conflicted organizations, the institutional isomorphism that is projected by institutional theory may be one of the limitations of this theory to encourage distinctiveness and diversity of HED institutions.A critique that might arise from the institutional theory perspective is that the institutions have to learn to share their resources (physical, intellectual and nancial) with other kinds of knowledge producing institutions. According to Janson (2002), this task may be very difficult to accomplish considering that universities have held the monopoly among knowledge producers. Mode 2 is a threat to this status quo by encouraging alliances as well as collaborative relationships with other knowledge producers. some other critique from an IT standpoint is that Mode 2 would change standards of evaluation and accreditation as well as success and progression that would encourage more of a multidisciplinary cont ext. For IT proponents, disciplinary boundaries are important, thus not only is traditional career caterpillar tread model being challenged by Mode 2, but also the character of the undergraduate curriculum. Mode 2 is not the only knowledge production model that is challenging the more traditional, basic sciences model, but globalisation and internationalization as well. According to Gibbons (1994), knowledge is transdisciplinary, problem-oriented, application-based, team- control, multi-sited, partnership-based, socially useful, heterogeneous, quality controlled, reective and responsive, and less hierarchical than disciplinary knowledge of the kind produced in universities, that is being characterized as typically centered on disciplines, with academic hierarchies, more norm- contractd, authoritative in regards to social behavior as well as concerned with homogeneity.Another critique is that it will be hard to protect academia from ecumenical economic trends as well as production of knowledge in purely economic terms. Because Mode 2 is strictly defined in economic terms, all institutions may have a tendency for gemination and may follow one economic trend in order to survive. Scott (1995) indicates that, in order to survive, organizations must conform to the rules and belief systems prevailing in the environment because institutional isomorphism, both structural and procedural, will earn the organization legitimacy (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983 Meyer and Rowan, 1977). The institutional theory claims that change is less likely to happen within or among organizations, while Mode 2 encourages change especially toward the private sector being more entrepreneurial and challenging the traditional values found especially in higher education institutions. While institutional theory supports traditional values of HED institutions, Mode 2 encourages harvest-feast of those hybrid organizations that capitalize on connections to teaching, research, and service.4. The mos t important differentiation is that the concepts of globalisation and internationalization that are characterized by glonacal potency heuristic (GAH) are rigid above the level of nation-state. GAH as a method of thought focuses on institutions, positions, agency, and structure at three levels national, local, and global. The concept focuses on colleges and universities (and units and faculty within them) as global agents, encouraging studies of activity and stratification regionally and internationally. However, it is not a method of positioning yourself relative to others. Globalization is not universal, because it does not feel the same for everyone, thus it is not inevitable. In this respect, globalization is lumpy and asymmetrical.Moreover, the pressure that it is felt as an institution most of the time mediates. For instance, even if the pressure comes from a national or global context, the local field of force may be able to mediate things. For instance, Raytheon company has a dull involvement on the University of Arizona, however does not have scantily any on Pima Community College. On the other hand, the PCC has a pressure from auto repair industry in cooperation with Jim Click to have mechanics to drive cars. Thus, GAH provides a different response of institutions to globalization. It seems that for GAH there is no separation between globalization and internationalization because both are a total of complex interactions of human and institutional agencies at local, national, and global levels. Marginson and Rhoades (2002) define two types of agency human agency and institutional agency. For them, it is all about positioning things not individuals. For instance, a supranational agency such as the World confide has an impact in developing countries, and the whole impact is being driven by market forces thus individuals do not shape the globalization process. It takes a lot of agencies to understand what is going on and understand and find a poi nt of where we could resist the impact. According to GAH there is limited analysis of the complex agencies and processes that define them no global dimension to analyze yet. Thus, with it more comparative studies need to be conducted to know human agency better and also local dimensions institutions and agents. While depicting GAH, the authors base their concept on Clarks description of academic profession that is structured by a triangle, in which market-state is a starting point, from which everything spills over to disciplines and professions as well to government and management. sawhorse (2004) replies to this issue with the process of internationalization that is supposed to be happening on a continuum basis. Her concept of internationalization is characterized similar to Clarks description as a triangle, in which interactions may be of hexagonal shape, but the whole process of internationalization will happen on a continuum basis. For ennoble, globalization/internationaliza tion is binary and is an omnipresent force that institutions have to respond to. It is similar to the Newtonian account of action and reaction. However, unlike Marginson and Rhoades, she is interested in institutions approaches (the ways in which they internationalize) and their rationale (why you are doing it explanations and goals), and how they interconnect (by preparing students to exist in global society or bringing in faculty from around the world). Thus, reciprocity is of important value to this concept. It is up to you how you are changing the world. So in that sense, Knight disagrees with Marginson and Rhoades that there is opportunity for everyone to progress.It is worth mentioning that the concept of internationalization is often worried with globalization (Altbach, 2004). The main difference is that globalization may not be unalterable, but internationalization is a process involving many choices. Globalization tends to concentrate wealth, knowledge, and power in those already possessing these elements, thus diminishing the importance of peripheries. supranational academic mobility similarly favors well-developed education systems and institutions, thereby compounding existing inequalities. Initiatives and programs, coming largely from the north, are focused on the south. The key here is that Altbach summarizes programs and activities relevant to the American study abroad tradition while Knight emphasizes on internationalization as a process. For Knight, internationalization is a two-way highway that serves important needs. For Altbach, the concept is focused largely on the south-north spectrum, where students move chiefly from south to north, where north controls the process. In this sense, Altbachs approach is based on natural dependency theory that relies on neo-colonialism core. Also, I got an impression that Knights concept of internationalization is not focused on economic (mostly financial) ends. Instead, internationalization is suppos ed to prove research, knowledge, and cultural understanding. For instance, one of the initiatives may include study-abroad experiences or enrichment of curriculum through offering a major in international studies or other area studies. Deeply in the core, it does not seem that the process is intended to bring financial profits, but strategically implemented will put up competitiveness and institutional prestige. However, the process itself, if not controlled, may focus too much on institutional strategies and policies while excluding national governments. In the same aspect, I could sense a tint of skepticism in Altbachs approach in regards to an economic trend of globalization. Even though he acknowledges the trend and claims it is inevitable, he emphasizes on negative aspects of internationalization as a process that will further diminish the intellectual as well as cultural sides within the developing countries.In addition, Knights definition of internationalization seems to li mit itself to the teaching function of the institution by concentrating on the expansion of international curriculum. Although both articles of Altbach and Knight are written in the same year, it seems that Altbach hardly mentions supranational organizations while Knight already acknowledges the new trend proclaiming that not only institutions and national policy makers alone are driving the internationalization, but supranational organizations as well. The tendency for Knight is to look at challenges that globalization presents us from an insider perspective how institutions as well as individuals react to globalization through internationalization, while Altbachs approach can be seen from the outsider perspective that acknowledges institutions, but not the processes and individuals within.

Britannia Industries Limited Is One Leading Bakers Marketing Essay

Britannia Industries coiffureed Is One Leading Bakers Marketing EssayBritannia Industries Limited is one of the leading players in the bakery section in India. Its enlarge portfolio includes various types of cookys, breads and cakes. The high society primarily operates in India. It is headquartered in Kolkata, India and employed just about 2,358 people as on March 2008.The familiarity record receiptss of INR 26,177 cardinal during the fiscal grade ended March 2008, an step-up of 13% over 2007. Top line of Britannia was acceptn by wrong accessions by focus of reduction in pack sizes and extension of excise exemption to biscuits with maximum sell price (MRP) below INR 100 per kilo from INR 50 per kilogram earlier. The in operation(p) profit of the conjunction was INR 2,723 jillion during fiscal year 2008, an increase of 80% comp argond with 2007. The PAT was INR 1,910 billion in fiscal year 2008, an increase of 77.5% compared with 2007.BUSINESS DESCRIPTIONBr itannia Industries Limited (Britannia) is engaged in producing and distributing bakery products including a variety of biscuits, breads, rusks, and cakes. The Wadia group of India along with Groupe Danone of France, are equal shareholders in ABIL, the UK which is a major shareholder in Britannia. The company operates through three extensive product categories biscuit and high protein regimen, bread and rusk, and cake.The biscuit products are groceryed down the stairs the hobby smears tiger, Good Day, 50 50, Marie Gold, Treat, take out Bikis, Nutri quality, Time cronk, double-dyed(a) Magic, short Hearts, Nice Time, Vita Marie Gold and Greetings. lucre products are sold nether the subsidy Bakes, white sandwich bread brand. Cake products are sold to a lower place the Premium Bakes, Cakes and Rusks brands. The company to a fault offers Cup Cakes in its cakes category.Britannias dairy trading trading operations are conducted through its subsi diary, Britannia New Zealand Foods Company Private Limited (BNZF). BNZF is a peg venture between Britannia and Fonterra Co-operative Group of New Zealand.The company exports its products to the US, Ghana, Seychelles, capital of Singapore, Oman, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait.HISTORYBritannia was established with an initial investment of INR295 in Kolkata in 1892. The operations of the company were mechanized with the advent of electricity in 1910. The company started using gas ovens in 1921. Britannia Biscuit Company took over biscuit distribution from Parrys in 1975. In 1978 the company became a publicly listed company. In the following year, the company was renamed as Britannia Industries Limited (Britannia). The companys executive office was relocate to Bangalore in 1989. In 1993 Wadia group acquired gage in ABIL, UK and became an equal pardner with Groupe Danone in Britannia. Britannia introduced its unused corporate identity Eat Healthy, Think advance and launch ed tiger Cashew Badam and Cheeker brands of biscuits in 1997. In 1998, the company introduced Milk Bikis and Nutri Choice brands and Etnic Snacking. In 1999, the company issued bonus shares in the ratio of 12. During the like year, the company also introduced cheeselets.The company introduced biscuit brands GD Choco, Time Pass and Vita Marie Gold in 2000 Rourbon Pocket Packs, Maska Chaska and Vita Marie Gold in 2001. Britannia introduced many brands of biscuits in 2002 which include Time Pass Classic Salted, Jim Jam Pocket Packs, Chai Biskoot, Tiger Cream, GD Ginger Nut and Pure Magic. The company launched a correlative venture with Fonterra, a dairy company and started Britannia New Zealand Foods in 2002. The company launched, Treat Duet, a biscuit brand in 2003. In the following year, Britannias Good Day biscuit added Choconut, a new variety to its outrank of biscuits. The rebirth of Tiger biscuit was seen in 2005, with the tag line Swasth Khao, Tiger Ban Jao. In the same year Britannia launched Greetings range of premium versatile gift packs and Britannia 50-50 Pepper Chakkar. In the same year, the company started its new botany in Uttaranchal. In July 2006, Britannia acquired Cafe Coffee Days 50% postal service in Daily Bread, a Bangalore-based high-end food retailer.In March 2007, Britannia make a roast venture with the Khimji Ramdas Group, one of the largest chore conglomerates in the midriff East. Britannia and its associates acquired 70% dependable position in Dubai-based Strategic Foods International and Oman-based Al S eitheran Food Industries Co SAOG. In January 2008, Britannia was asked by the Calcutta full(prenominal) Court to deport back the INR12 crore, which it withdrew from the companys pension fund.MAJOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICESBritannia Industries Limited (Britannia) is a maker and distributor of bakery and dairy products. It manufactures, distributes and sells a range of branded products including diagnose of productsBiscuitsBre adRuskCakesCheeseButterMilkList of selected brands5050DelucaGood Day short(p) HeartsMilk BikisMarieGoldMaska ChaskaNutriChoicePure MagicTreatTigerREVENUE ANALYSISBritannia preserve revenues of INR 26,177 million during the fiscal year ended March 2008, an increase of 13% over 2007.The company generates revenues through three business subdivisions biscuits and high protein foods (89% of the total revenues during fiscal year 2008), bread and rusk (7.4%), and cake (2.9%).Revenue by divisionDuring the fiscal year 2007, the biscuits and high protein food division recorded revenues of INR 23,299 million, an increase of 11.4% over 2007.The bread and rusk division recorded revenues of INR 1,956 million in fiscal year 2008, an increase of 36.3% over 2007.The cake division recorded revenues of INR 769 million in fiscal year 2008, an increase of 23.2% over 2007.The others (including cast away sales) division recorded revenues of INR 144 million in fiscal year 2008, a decrease of 28% over 20 07.SWOT ANALYSISBritannia is a producer and distributor of bread, snacks and dairy products. The company has a portfolio of top sell food brands. Britannia produces and distributes premium brands such as 5050, Good Day, forgetful Hearts, Milk Bikis, MarieGold, Maska Chaska, NutriChoice, Pure Magic, Treat, and Tiger. An extensive portfolio of global brands facilitates guest recall and enhances Britannias mart penetration capabilities. However, an impending judicial proceeding disputing the trademark of Britannias biscuit brand Tiger, with Danone, could adversely impact the companys brand image and its international expansion plans.StrengthsWeaknesses noticeable brand nameLaunch of advance(a) products and brand extensionsGrowth in operating segmentsHigh dependence on Indian merchandiseFluctuating silver in from operationsOpportunitiesThreatsInorganic additionStrategic unionsGrowing demand for health and convenience productsLitigationsinflationary dairy product pricesOutbrea k of animal diseasesStrengthsStrong brand nameThe company has a strong portfolio of top selling food brands. Britannia produces and distributes premium brands such as 5050, Good Day, Little Hearts, Milk Bikis, MarieGold, Maska Chaska, NutriChoice, Pure Magic, Treat, and Tiger. Each of the companys six pillar brands (Good Day, Tiger, 5050, Treat, Milk Bikis, and Marie Gold) generate sales in excess of INR1 billion. Further, the company is entering new product lines like snacking and health products and so capturing a larger market share. In 2007, most of the companys brands secured double digit growth rate. Additionally, Britannia was ranked scrap among FMCG companies in the Business Worlds Most Respected Company Survey 2006. With a wide portfolio of brands and choice of product category, the company is able to differentiate itself in the market, nurture customer loyalty, and reduce its business risk. As a dairy product company, Britannia enjoys strong brand equity, and its extensi ve portfolio of global brands has helped it to expand its market presence and visibility. A strong brand portfolio not only facilitates customer recall but also enhances Britannias market penetration opportunities.Launch of sophisticated products and brand extensionsThe company has a strong orientation towards product innovation. In 2007, the company demonstrated its ability to innovate and extend its brands and products. Britannia launched many innovative products in 2007. Through an innovative product lineup, the company plans to strengthen and center its brands and transform them from animated formats and conventional archetypes. In this context, the company launched cream and coconut tree varieties in its Tiger brand range. Further, the Chota Tiger, which is an extension of Tiger brand, d nudes on the kids snacking utilisation presenting biscuits as small, pop-able, snacks in a pouch pack. Similarly, the company also launched added growth Rollz under its Treat brand. Furthe r, the company launched 5050 Chutkule and NutriChoice Digestive and SugarOut. NutriChoice SugarOut is the initial biscuit without added sugar, in the Indian market. Strong product innovation skills change the company to stay ahead of the competition and create an edge in the market.Growth in operating segmentsBritannias operating segments has shown strong financial surgical process since 2005, which is evident from its revenue growth. Biscuit and high protein food segment revenue increased from INR14,926.9 million (approximately $330.8 million) in 2005 to INR20,910.8 million (approximately $463.4 million) in 2007, this representing compounded yearbook growth rate CAGR (2005-2007) of 18%. The bread and rusk segment also recorded increase in revenue from INR788.2 million (approximately $17.5 million) in 2005 to INR1,435.7 million (approximately $31.8 million) in 2007, this representing CAGR(2005-2007) growth of 35%. Further, the cake segment also recorded increase in revenue from INR355.7 million (approximately $7.9 million) in 2005 to INR624 million (approximately $13.8 million) in 2007, this representing CAGR(2005-2007) growth of 35%. Strong performance by the companys operating segment enhances its financial standing and strengthens its position against its competitors.WeaknessesHigh dependence on Indian marketThough Britannia has made forays into other international markets, it is still dependent on the Indian market for a majority of its revenues. Though the company exports its products to many countries, the revenue contribution of regions other than India is too low to talk over any signifi backt geographical diversification benefit on the company. High dependence on India makes Britannia vulnerable to the market conditions in this region.Fluctuating funds from operationsThe company has not been able to generate consistent bullion from its operations in recent times. The company has registered fluctuations in its cash from operations, registering a decline in every alternate year since 2004. Cash from operations decreased from INR1,961 million (approximately$43 million) in 2005 to INR649 million (approximately $14 million) in 2006. Again in 2007, it increased to INR871 million (approximately $19 million). Fluctuating cash from operation could upset the companys expansion plans.OpportunitiesInorganic growthBritannia is aggressively act inorganic growth model. In March 2007, Britannia concluded cardinal acquisitions, including its first-year ever overseas partnership. In March 2007, Britannia formed a joint venture with the Khimji Ramdas Group, one of the largest business conglomerates in the Middle East. Britannia and its associates acquired 70% beneficial stake in Dubai-based Strategic Foods International LLC and Oman-based Al Sallan Food Industries Co SAOG. The two companies are major regional players in the biscuits and cookies segments in the disjuncture skunk Council (GCC) markets. both the companies export to more t han 40 countries across the humans including Africa, Australia and Japan, thereby giving Britannia access to many new markets. These two acquisitions are expected to allow Britannias portfolio to extend to those countries in which they befool a presence. The joint venture could provide Britannia an opportunity to grow its international footprint by leveraging on the complementary strengths of the two partners.Strategic alliancesBritannia entered into strategic alliance with Daily Bread Pvt. Ltd. (Daily Bread) to participate in premium bread and consort products market in India. In July 2006, Britannia acquired a strategic 50% stake in Daily Bread, a Bangalore-based company engaged in the manufacturing and retail of premium breads, cakes, and ready-to-eat snacks. Daily Bread operates in both institutional and retail segments, and offers a wide range of international quality bakery products, including 50 varieties of specialty breads. Post-acquisition, Britannia holds the brand Del uca in India. Daily Breads business model includes a chain of own and franchised retail outlets, and catering to institutional customers. Daily Bread operates seven outlets in Bangalore and since its acquisition by Britannia two large outlets collect been added. Britannia is keen to scale up the outlet chain to 30-40 cities beginning fiscal 2008. This acquisition marks Britannias entry in the high-end, freshly baked bon vivant food. This alliance exit help Britannia to scale up the bakery business in select markets with a range of gourmet products sold under its brand names.Growing demand for health and convenience productsConsumers worldwide have become more health conscious in recent years. increase number of consumers are opting for natural, fat-free and healthy food products. Food items containing trans-fat are losing market share as they are linked to cardiovascular diseases. The uncreated drivers for this line are changing lifestyles, late marriages, increase in single-pa rent households, increase in number of homes with two working parents, and increased working hours. Consumer outlay on away-from-home dining is rising. According to the US Economic Research Service, spend on food-away-from-home is expected to increase by almost 10% per capita until 2025. The trend towards low fat, low sugar and low carbohydrate foods and drinks continues to drive the market. Britannia offers a range of low-fat and sugar free products. With a strong emphasis on healthy foods, the company is likely to benefit from the increasing health food market. The global nutritional market exhibited strong growth in 2006, estimated at E127 billion ($159 billion), with half of this represented by the US market. The company is hale positioned to exploit its focus on health and convenience platform to drive its future growth.ThreatsLitigationsBritannia and Groupe Danone (Danone), a French dairy and beverages giant, are engaged in intellectual property rights battle, since many ye ars. Wadia group and Danone have an equal stake in Associated Biscuits International Holdings (ABIH), which is a major shareholder in Britannia. Both the companies are disputing over the trademark of Britannias biscuit brand, Tiger. Britannia has accused Danone of registering the Tiger mark globally without its consent. Danone has already registered Tiger brand in nearly 35 countries and has applied for registration of the Tiger trademark in over 70 countries.In 2006, Britannia sued Danone in a Singapore court, seeking a prompt redressal of the Tiger brand issue. Danone has already registered Tiger trademark in Singapore, which will expire in November 2009. Britannia submitted its trademark application for Tiger in Singapore only in April 2007, which is still pending. An arbitration case between the two parties is also pending at the Bombay High Court. This long impending litigation (with Danone) could adversely impact Britannias brand equity and its international expansion plans. Inflationary dairy product pricesBritannia, being a diary company, is exposed to full general business risks faced by the global dairy market. Britannia is vulnerable to price fluctuations in the world market for raw materials such as flour, soya, corn whiskey and grain. In 2007, the industry witnessed an inordinate and simultaneous increase of approximately 20% 25% in the market prices of all key commodities like flour, delicate palm oil, skimmed take out powder, etc. The companys top line growth of 28.4% was eroded by inflation in input costs, resulting in a unwashed margin decline of 6.7%.The global dairy market is mark by sharp fluctuations in the price of dairy products. Furthermore, sales prices are fixed with customers for relatively long periods in a number of markets, whereas the bargain for prices of milk are subject to short-term fluctuations. In order to limit these risks, Britannia should try to minimize its operating costs by efficiently utilizing existing reso urces. Further increase in input cost could dampen the companys gross margin, which could result in declining top-line growth.Outbreak of animal diseasesBritannia, as a diary product company, is dependent on constant supply and quality of the raw materials like milk. Any outbreak of animal diseases (especially Foot and Mouth affection caused by a virus which is one of the most contagious and feared diseases), can cause heavy loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals world over. Britannia, which markets all dairy-based products like butter, cheese, and biscuits to different countries, may get affected by milk supplies and the production and sale of dairy products in case of diseases outbreak thus affecting its revenues.TOP COMPETITORSThe following companies are the major competitors of Britannia Industries Ltd.Nestle India LtdITC Corporation Ltd.Parle Products Pvt. Ltd.

History Of The Korean Society Of Plastic Surgery Media Essay

History Of The Korean Society Of tractile Surgery Media Essay top charge plate operating room is a special type of operation snarly both show and ability to function. Through tensile knead patients appearance will be greatly improved. In modern society, Plastic operating room aim a re ally popular with people and one of the close famous Plastic surgery country is reciprocal ohm Korea .This paper provides an taste into history and status quo of the Korean Society of Plastic surgery. Based on the finding of the research, the paper draws the conclusion that charge card surgery technology has a lot of mixture and conditionment which makes tensile surgery become cheaper and undecomposedr. Furthermore, in that location ar many a(prenominal) in the raw tractile surgery trends formed to concern the needs of the viewer of the Korean people.1TABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract.11. Introduction32. interchange of findings32.1 History of the Korean society of plastic surgery32.2 So uth Korea is one of the human beings leaders in plastic surgery.42.3 Plastic surgery trends in South Korea.5Conclusion.7References..821. Introduction.In modern society, when the average note of life in South Korea is rising, people tend to spend more succession and capital taking c be for their appearance. The festering of plastic surgery has help a lot people to fulfill their hope to be beautiful. Therefore, it become very popular in South Korea since its appearance. Plastic surgery has long been largish business in the US, provided now the trend is sweeping across Asia and South Korea was one of the most affected countries from this trend. Thus, this paper with the purpose of openhanded more knowledge about the history of plastic surgery of the Korean society, South Korea is the ground leader in plastic surgery and Plastic surgery trends in South Korea.2.Discussion of findings.2.1 History of the Korean society of plastic surgery.It was around 1945 that there were no plas tic surgery techniques available in Korea ( Korean society of plastic and constructive surgeons ). Doctors at the time had neer heard the term plastic surgery. Nonetheless, after independence, the entry of Western doctors into Korea had brought probability for Korean doctors to be able to access Western journals and different medicates much(prenominal) as sulfa drugs and penicillin. At that time, the term plastic surgery was pacify not mentioned alone there are still many documents indite about Western doctors performing scrape grafts on patients with facial and hitchhike disfigurement and contracture due to severe and chronic necrosis of the skin, skin defects, and burns.In 1950, the Korean War broke out, a lot of doctors from the US and UN were mobilized to bring to injured patients, began active treatment of injured patients (Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons ). Among them, the US military doctors Dr. Millard and Dr. Stenstrom had arrived in Busan, they applied various plastic surgery techniques including reconstruction. However, they just concentrated only on their duties and did not intend to develop plastic surgery in Korea.In the mid 1950s ,the importance of plastic surgery was realized when Korean doctors who had learned advanced medicine abroad, including Europe and America , started to teach at colleges and universities in Korea (Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons). Since thus, the term Plastic surgery began to be known and general in Korea.In August 1961, Dr. Jaeduck Yoo- a professional in plastic surgery in the US , founded the plastic surgery department at Yonsei University Severance Hospital , thereby initiating plastic surgery as a special content of medicine and training specialists in the field for the rootage time in Korea (Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons )Since 1964, lectures were addicted to students on plastic surgery in the college of medicine at Yonsei Univer sity and training was given to plastic surgery specialists (Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons). However, such training remained within the scope of general surgery.On May 15, 1966 , some 30 doctors from various fields of medicine, including general surgery, orthopedic surgery, ENT, and ophthalmology, who had an interest in plastic surgery established the Korean Society of Plastic Reconstructive Surgeons. Since then plastic surgery was invested and developed as a new field of medicine (Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons).2.2 South Korea one of the world leader in plastic surgery.A decade ago, according to genus Ara n.d.,Plastic surgery is something that only the rich can think about , nevertheless now, plastic surgery has become so common that an estimated 30 part of Korean women aged 20 to 50 had surgical or nonsurgical cosmetic procedures last year, with many having more than one procedure . In an effort to improve their beauty, 20 per cen t of women between the ages of 19 and 49 in Seoul, the countrys capital city, admitted they had gone under the knife.Three in both four Korean women aging from 20-30 have undergone plastic surgery and the twofold eyelid surgery is the most performed one on women in this country. A quarter of Korean mother whose daughter is between the ages of 12 and 16 encourage their children to go to cosmetic surgery. Plus, there is the fact that more than a quarter of Korean graduate students are supposed to be reveal in an interview because of their appearance therefore, they have already undergone plastic surgery, in order to correct this error. In fact, not only women but men are willing to go under the knife in the name of beauty.According to the latest statistics from the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons n.d., South Korea ranked eighth globally in 2010 in call of the total number of surgical cosmetic procedures performed .There is nothing wrong if they had undergone pl astic surgery so 73% of women encourage men to cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance. The strong growth of the entertainment industry in Korea is considered to be the reason for this increasingly popular trend. The doctors state many patients come to the clinic with pictures of celebrities, elevated desire for nose and eyes as big as his idol. The change in attitudes can as well attribute to the trend in which TV actors and pop idols no longer hide their cosmetic treatments. There are many Korean stars had went under the knife to make their appearance become more perfect. A member of the boy-band Big Bang confessed that he underwent surgery following a traffic accident but had also contemplated having his organisation changed to look more likely one or two pictorial matter stars he admired. PSY , a singer with hits Gangnam Style famous around the world, said his record label had begged him to cosmetic surgery to improve appearance. Even lose Korea 2012 Yu Mi Kim also has been found to stick to the knife when picture time students with very ordinary beauty of her leaked on the net. She said I never said I was beautiful all natural.2.3 Plastic surgery trends in South Korea.A new trend in the world is shortly very popular is breast augmentation, nose gunpoint of beauty without surgery. over the past 25 years, because of advances in plastic surgical techniques, the esthetic quality of breast reconstruction has improved greatly. Before the early 1970s, breast reconstruction was a multistage procedure in which a distant random roll was transferred to the chest in a series of operations. The results were not always made, nor were the retrace breasts consistently cosmetically pleasing (Nadine B. Semer, MD, 2001). Breast augmentation, nose which many women claimOwning a pair of breasts plump charming island is a legitimate day-dream of any woman, and graceful slim nose is the center of the face. However, not all girls brave enough to take away the handed-down surgical method when in fact many cases of stroke occurred. A new trend in the world is currently very popular is breast augmentation, nose peak of beauty without surgery.Over time, the aging causes bone structure, muscle and fat of women losing volume. Wrinkles appear, the skin surface gradually loose, sagging breasts after childbirth is a incubus of women. The smart woman knows to accept the aging of the body, slowing down the process by exercise, diet, and find operationive and safety beauty methods. Therefore, they know that level off nose or chest, surgical procedures there are risks and complications. With the nose whitethorn be allergic to the form, prolonged bleeding, breast augmentation will leave lasting scars, sticky can take the breast, breast disabilities, no milk childbirth.Unlike traditional surgical incision and place the material in the orthopedic area, anesthesia, pain, this new method to a molecular liquid into the body by micro-needle, achieving a n the true for the amount and location, does not cause pain, bleeding, no anesthesia, no scarring and can be restored immediately after the procedure. This new material is made from Polyamide Polymer shape with three-dimensional structure similar to collagen, in which the saline component accounted for 98% of the product weight, similar to the 90% with the can be very safe and does not cause any allergic reaction or infection.That is AQUAlift makeweight high molecular compounds by high-tech medical center subject field Institute of Ukraines leading research on the application of new materials in medical research, production, development and use of forest ready in 2004. AQUAlift filler has been widely used in the cosmetic industry in many developing countries, the certification of many prestigious organizations in the world and a large number of doctors, cosmetic professionals around the world rated with a brilliant alternative for the visual material in the cosmetic industry. Aqualift application is also effective in removing wrinkles (forehead, eyes, chin, neck), filled tissue on the face (nose shape, chin shape, etc.), curve shape (breast shaping , shaping the butt ).However, the aesthetic effect of this method depends heavily on the skill and expertise of doctors and specialists. Therefore you should choose reputable cosmetic centers, facilities ensure quality.With many young Korean women,s daytime graduation gift for her parents a few cosmetic surgery services. perchance this will become normal in many other Asian countries, including the capital of Vietnam for Asian women small breasts, easy to sag after, snub qualification faces lack of spontaneity. Better surely will be more successful and confident.3. Conclusion.From all the findings above, it is clear that several years ago, many people are afraid, embarrassed with cosmetic surgery and often try to hide but today plastic surgery is very normal thing for women and dismantle men in Korea. Sin ce the first time plastic surgery appears in Korea, plastic surgery technology has a lot of change and development which makes plastic surgery becoming cheaper and safer. Besides, there are many new plastic surgery trend formed to meet the needs of the beauty of the Korean people.