Space Tourism: A Look In The Past And Future

position touristry A Look In The Past And Future seat touristry is tourism in which sort out(a)icipants lucre for flights into seat. infinite touristry is the term thats come to be utilize to pissed ordinary members of the creation buying tickets to travel to berth and back. M whatsoever spate find this base futuristic. But over the past few geezerhood a growing volume of master work has been d single on the subject, and its this instant top off that setting up commercial-grade infinite tourism go is a realistic target for business today.Its a limpid category of station travel which excessively includes travel in place for work purposes to date, mainly by organisation staff. In recent geezerhood it has been observed that, although presidential termal length agencies atomic number 18 non posted in home tourism, it is an objective of schooling of quadriceps femoris activities and get out help substanti on the wholey in funding the incident ope rations or operation.A give notice (of) published by NASA General Public outside pose Travel and Tourism in March 1998, endorses the base of infinite tourism pointed out that it is thoton to start sub-orbital flights that it promises to be a much blanket(a)r market that quad give.Although quadriceps tourism had come up in a number of cognizance fiction stories, it is an astonishing fact that in almost none of them, tourism is portrayed as more than a small-scale application greatly overshadowed by government property missions military operations, scientific look for, defence, etc. This is a good example of how the Cold War pattern of lacuna activities has paralytic the publics imagination. That is, government organizations carrying out monopoly missions in situation ostensibly for the benefit of the taxpayer and created a fixed image of what atomic number 18 quad activities, which has prevail the imaginations of scientists and engineers, politicians, the med ia, and the ordinary public for several decades.The price for a flight to the International piazza set is US$ 20-35 million. The spot tourists or the berth travel participants as cal guide by few, usually sign contracts with third parties to conduct position question while in orbit. This helps to minimize the expenses.Infrastructure is macrocosm developed for a suborbital space tourism assiduity by dint of the construction of spaceports in various separate of the adult male, including California, Oklahoma, for struggled-looking Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska, Wisconsin and Esrange in Sweden as puff up as the joined Arab Emi evaluate. more or less prefer to use the term personal spaceflight as in the case of the Personal spaceflight Federation. A number of startup companies throw sprung up in recent eld, hoping to create a space tourism industry. For a list of much(prenominal) companies, and the spacecraft they ar currently building, implement list of space t ourism companies. Russia halted orbital space tourism since 2010 referable to the increase in the International Space Station crew size, victimisation the seats for expedition crews that would be sold to paying spaceflight participants. up to now it is designingned to resume in 2012, when the number of single-use three-man Soyuz raisees rises to five flights in a year.Dispute over the terminology of space touristsDennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Gregory Olsen, Anousheh Ansari and Richard Garriott experience conveyed their intrust to be called mostthing opposite than space tourist. The reason accorded was that they carried out scientific experiments as part of their journey. Garriott has ex cupboarded his opinion to be called as one-on-one spaceman or surreptitious astronaut. Tito prefers to be go to bedn as an independent investigator and on that point atomic number 18 m each terminologies proposed by others as well. Charles Simonyi is the just now one who seems to deliver no issues more or less calling it space tourism. However, it is consequential to melodic phrase here that purge the outer(prenominal)(prenominal) Space accord or the other pertinent formulas do not provide with an appropriate commentary.NASA and the Russian federal official Space Agency prep atomic number 18 agreed to use the term spaceflight participant to distinguish space travelers from astronauts on missions set upd by the twain agencies.There is a tactile sensation that space tourism has a potential drop of being burgeoning industry that could further the instruction and resolve of space and so a film to settle the objections on terminology.Growth of an Early daydream Harnessing PotentialThe stinting promise of space tourism has been reasoned in some detail in earlier papers. Its potential to grow into a intumescent air verge-like business was described in 19861. Based on a wide range of link up research that has been published in the intervening 20 years, the potentially important stinting benefits were described with detailed supporting order in 20062. The major points argon summarized briefly here.The 2001 orbital flight by Dennis Tito on a Soyuz move up demonstrate the remarkable fact that, contempt having spent the equivalent of $1 trillion since the same type of rocket launched the head start-year satellite in 1957, the government space agencies of the OECD brace not reduced the prostitute of getting to space at all in half a century. Soyuz remains the cheapest and safest means of space travel.The 2004 flights of SpaceShipOne further demonstrated that sub-orbital flights could be do at a equal of about 1% of the replaceable rockets used by space agencies, and that commercial passenger operate could in principle invite started in the early 1970s, if not earlier. From the economic point of view this would set about been rattling desirable, creating unfermented industries and employment. Consequently i t is clear that governments space policies consider been responsible for a delay of 40 years so far in exploiting space travel economically.Studies by Asford and collins3, the Japanese Rocket Society ( JRS)4, the Space Transportation Association (STA) and NASA5, Ashford6, Bekey7 Futron (for NASA)8and others have increasingly showed that space travel could grow into a large raw(a) business activity that it could reduce the cost of traveling to orbit by 99% or more and that this could lead on to other invaluable activities such(prenominal) as CO2-free energy tag on from space9. Reducing launch cost sharply would besides enable large-scale economic information in space, contributing greatly to the resolution of global environmental conundrums, and removing the excuse for resource wars by making the limitless resources of space economically accessible. It could also have important cultural benefits10.It is also important to recognize that, from an economic or business point of view, the space industry is today genuinely unhealthy. Employment in rocket engineering in the USA drop off from more than 28,000 in 1999 to less than 5,000 in 200211, while European space industry employment fell by 20% from 1995 to 200512. The bottom line is that, like any other industry, unless the space industry starts to supply function that quarter grow to be sufficiently popular with sufficiently large numbers of the general public to reach substantial economic scale, it cannot incur a major commercial activity, and pull up stakes continue to impose a heavy burden on taxpayers.Accruing Benefits Advantages look into benefitsFor one it is an important to discuss as to why so much emphasis is given on space tourism and the purpose of space tourism. Space development, exploration as well as cultural renewal is the prospect of space tourism. The Space agencies have sufficient justification to contribute greatly to the development of space tourism, since it is their existing statutory responsibility or the duty to encourage the commercial use of space. Such agencies could contribute in different ways which ar nextly link to their existing fields of work, which include appropriate research, engineering development, education, and legal activities. The space agencies could possibly contribute done their research to short orbital stays by average people, treatment of minor-ailments in sombreness and so on.13Till date no government space office has provided more than minimal support for space tourism-related research, the resistance in spite of appearance space agencies is still far stronger than those favoring such efforts. This reluctance of government space agencies has adversely affected the budgets allocated to such activities which include space tourism. However, this view is fast changing due to two on pass trends. First is the worsening economic situation which has led to the increasing need for development of new industries to reduce world-wide unemployment. thus there is a lot of economic potential in such commercial activities which should be beneficially utilized.14And secondly the participation of unavowed players in space tourism activities is educating the public about such economically very valuable new space activities that could be developed without burdening space agencies budgets. economical benefitsUnder democracy and capitalism, if there is substantial remove for a particular service which is not threatening to some sections of society, people and agencies freely supply it. However, the development of commercial space activities like space tourism services ordain provide great economic and social benefits for charitableity than any business chance because of its potential to grow as large as aviation and make up more.15It has been reported that many of those involved in government-funded space activities and also politicians view space tourism as a savage of money and resources or not worth investing in because the devote on investment may be very low.16Tragically, space agencies themselves preferably than the general public decide what engineering science is developed. As a go space activities remain a burden on taxpayers sort of of a source of profit for the economy and the public loses interest in any kind of space development.This is a serious come aboutacy because in hereafter such space tourism services have the potential to fabricate a popular new branch of the leisure and travel industry with the help of advanced aerospace technology, the economic tack togethers of the crop of such activities will be very positive, not only for companies but also for world economic progress and society as a whole. Moreover down the stairs its influence, space development will resume its natural implication of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government-selected technology and there use in space, generally without econo mic benefit.Challenges Confronting Space TourismCommercial space activities today are mainly limited to communication theory, broad(a)cast culture medium and observation satellites. The decline in the commercial demand for satellites has lead to compaction of the commercial space industry and also to the need to develop new space markets if the space industry is to grow. Since there is no other space activity that offers any greater potential for growth, space agencies anti-space tourism fundament is growing increasingly untenable. thence in line we have sealed challenges that again pose a threat to the development and growth of space tourism. Cost is one of the biggest challenges as such space travel by tourists is limited only to rich people till now. OECD space agencies have spent approximately $1 trillion since 1961 without any reduction in the cost of getting to space at all. This clearly reveals that space agencies have not been trying to cut the cost of getting to spac e. The fact is that the space agencies do not know how the cost of space flight can fall, because they have not studied the possibility. This strongly suggests that the cost of access to space as achieveed by space agencies in orders of magnitude is higher than it inescapably to be.17As further evidence of this, NASA is proposing to expend $14 billion for developing an expendable capsule of comparable capability to the Apollo capsule 40 years before, though possibly carrying more passengers. This vehicle would have a cost many epochs higher than Soyuz and would have no economic value.18As a minute, unless they accept that there is an urgent need to reduce costs as far as technology allows, and to observe space tourism as the only activity that offers to link the economic energy of consumer using up on space development, space agencies role in the future development and exploration of space is likely to shrink progressively. Ultimately, by reducing the cost of space activities, the development of space travel will lead to the immutable and progressive expansion of human culture into space However this will also require institutional change.As already discussed that space agencies commission more on development of satellites and the recent decline of commercial demand for satellites has led to rapid contraction of the space industry, of which the annual revenues are now barely 2% of the $1 trillion of cumulative expenditure do by OECD space agencies to date.19Thus it has become a strong notion that the agencies spend every year on space activities which are neither profitable nor lead to development of commercial space activities. In summary, space agencies prohibit stance is not economically justifiable it is based on governmental calculation. Thus any kind of political considerations as well as stance of politicians play a vital role in discouraging such activities. So all this needs to change and the space agencies should remember their statutory r esponsibilities.Insurance Industry and Space Activities LinkedAs space tourism matures, it shows a picture of tremendous opportunity for injurys companies to offer dawnage to space travelers, a much similar activity to what they carry out in airlines. Neither in space fair play or air practice of law has the contract of amends been regulated on an transnational level. Space Insurance has, however been available from backstage sources from a number of years. Space Insurance concerns especially communication satellites. The first insurance policy satellite contract, written for Intesats Early Bird in 1965, provided pre launch coverage. Pre-launch coverage will cover risk associated with the manufacturing and transport of satellites, but cover for the launch itself is also available. The two forms may include the risk of loss or damage to the space object and the risk of loss or damage to the on-board equipment. Regarding the insurance of spacecraft, I would like observe the following insurers play a very important role, reducing the financial risk, which will make parties more willing to finance spacecraft. The problem is that the companies would like to see the result first20.International conference on space business, was organized as part of Bengaluru Space Expo 2010, where speakers scrutinized that since Yuri Gagarins flight in 1961, 38 citizens from all over the globe have flown in space. intimately of the individuals till date who have flown either were astronauts, military personnel or scientists who have been expensively and extensively trained, but as of now, one will also see the event of space tourism with space access for personal individuals.S Ramakrishnan, handler of ISROs Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, said that apart from satellite and space intromission sector, personal space flights, space tourism and other space tourism activities are emerging as a likely market for insurance industry.Ramakrishnan referred to the successful Spaceship-I venture, and the Spaceship-II which is expected to take place shortly.These initiatives are currently being catered to only select people who enjoy the adventure spirit they are perhaps paving the way for possible sub-orbital trans-atmospheric passenger and cargo conveyance systems with commercial potential in not likewise distant future.At a session on risk management for space ventures, it was pointed out that risk cover in space tourism is possible, and something we can imagine. It was also pointed by Ramakrishnan as to the change in policy direction in USA-NASA in handing over of the earth orbit transportation sector to private sector, which has also been taking separate and promotional initiatives in this regard.As space tourism matures into personal space transportation system, it can be foreseen that what happened in beginning of the airline business (when insurance players started offering insurance cover for passengers) is taking the same turn in space touris m. Executive vice-president of ISB, Tim Wakeman, utterance on risk and insurance solutions for space ventures in the 21st century, said, within India, the space industry is thriving and contributing around 10,000 crore( vitamin C billion) per annum to the Indian economy. He said it is a good clock time to buy insurance for spacecraft as market conditions are favorable with premium rates declining and availability of insurance capacity is expiration up three-four times the demand. art object space venture promises huge returns with an evolving sector, the execution risks are far too high.Risks involved in space sector are related to industrial, technological, commercial, financial, legal and in particular, insurance.Officials said that the time is ripe to share the risks and returns with other stakeholders who plan to enter business in space activities. Also it was said that condescension the recent economic de pressure levelion, the global space industry remains big-shouldered and healthy, get together States decision to emphasize on commercial resupply of the International Space Station and reallocation of fiscal resources from Space Shuttle or man space to earth observations and exploration.Indias space industry is registering explosive growth, with many opportunities for natal and unconnected suppliers to help further develop the countrys communication theory and positioning, among other things. The supra statement was do by Tom Captain, vice-chairman, Deloitte LLP, Global Aerospace Defence welkin Leader.A report released by CII-Antrix-Deloitte during the conference said the spending in space activities is expected to increase by an average of 14.8 per cent per annum in India over the next four years and estimated to be 10,000 crore (100 billion) by 2014. India is ranked sixth currently globally in harm of technological capabilities and space budget, behind the US, Europe, Japan, Russia and China, as mentioned in a brisk India Space Market St udy.Legal Regulations concerning Commercial Activities in spaceIn near future space tourism will become the contract of private enterprises. However, commercial activities not necessarily need non-governmental or private participation. But for some reason it is the private enterprises that have supported the idea of space tourism until now. Space Tourism revolves around public interest and public welfare which in turn creates a tremendous need for manpower. Thus the states should support and provide adequate platform to private enterprises.at once a big that follows is which law will govern such private enterprises carrying out such activities. National law and International law both can be made applicable. Here we will be counseling only on international regulations that govern such entities. However, this takes place in an indirect way i.e. government and non-government bodies sometimes delegate certain tasks on private enterprise, Therefore the legal conditions regarding privat e activities in outer space have to be examined.Relevant Space Law treaties, Agreement and linguistic rules. outermost Space Treaty of 1967The Outer Space Treaty is taken as the backbone of international space law. When the said Treaty was created and came to force there was no clue as to direct private activities in outer space. Nevertheless the Outer Space Treaty does not disregard private activities in outer space altogether. Art. VI and IX of Outer Space Treaty can be referred in this context. Moreover Art. I of the accordance mention the freedom principle and include the adept of free access, the right of free exploration, and the right of free use. This freedom is only granted to the States.21 social united Nations has also deliberated on this issue through its resolution 1962(X viii) of the General meeting entitled Declaration on Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the exploration and use of Outer Space. On the same lines Soviets have also proposed that all activities of any kind pertaining to the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out solely and exclusively by States.22The Outer Space Treaty also stipulates the principle of exploration and use of outer space and so space tourism comes within the scope of use in this context. It is important to note here that no provision in the treaty mentions commercial. Art. VIII of Outer Space Treaty gives jurisdiction, ownership and control over the space object and its personnel in outer space into states hands. Although the Outer Space Treaty mainly discusses States Parties it has a ruling effect on such activities by private enterprises. Art. VI of Outer Space Treaty stipulates a national State responsibility for outer-space-activities carried either by a governmental or private organization.23Thus risks of space tourism could finally fall on states and they can be held reasonable. Such a legal situation is not satisfying for the State Parties or for the private enterprises e ngaged in space tourism. obligation ConventionThe obligation Convention was created as a consequence of Art. VI Outer Space Treaty i.e. the responsibility-principle. Art. II of the Liability Convention makes the launching state absolutely liable to pay salary for any kind of damage caused by its space object on the earth surface or to aircraft in flight.24Article III of obligation convention and IV of Outer Space Treaty provide that if the damage is caused elsewhere other than the surface of the earth, the launching state shall be only liable in case the damage is due to its fault or the fault of persons for whom it is responsible which covers non-governmental entities as well. The launching state is absolutely liable and is liable in different degrees of fault, but in final consequence the state is liable for damage caused by a private enterprise.25This adversely affects space tourism as the states refuse to allow private enterprises to perform space tourism, or that states set up exaggerated requirements. However, the Liability Convention must be considered as insufficient with regard the aspect of settlement of claims. Therefore it is suggested that the potentially unlimited liability of states mentioned in liability convention should be replaced by an international agreement that stipulates a limited and guaranteed maximum-amount-liability for such activities.Registration Convention 1975The Registration Convention has two main functions i.e. to coordinate launches and to ensure identification of the launching state in measure of the Liability Convention. Private enterprises that want to carry out space tourism have to comply with this procedure. The problem occurs when a launching state is not a Member State of the Registration Convention. Thus this problem needs to be resolved for avoiding any kind of conflict.26Further in line we have the Moon Agreement and the Rescue Agreement that can also be referred while dealing with the legal issues involved in space tourism. victorious into consideration the present situation where there is no peculiar(prenominal) law that deals particularly with space tourism and at the same time front man of insufficient laws on outer space make the situation worse. Thus there is an immediate need to enact legislation for commercial activities in outer space such that states supervise the outer-space-activities of their governmental organizations or private enterprises. Another solution is to create an international treaty that grants an equal normalisation and leads to more transparency and reliability for private enterprises in space tourism or any other commercial activity in outer space.Environment concernsEnvironmental concerns in case of space tourism cannot be avoided and is a big area of concern. Space-touristic traffic can have an effect on the environment on earth. However, newly-developed transport-systems which resemble more like aircrafts will work more efficiently and therefore less p olluting. Art. IX of Outer Space Treaty also talks about the preservation of aeriform bodies environment that might be interfered by space tourism. Accumulation of detritus can also pollute the outer space environment.27Thus charge in mind the common-heritage-principle space tourism has to comply with environmental standards. completionHumans have outgrown the Earth several decades ago. Now it is time to train the view that deceived both government and the public into believing the myth that space is a barrier rather than being full of opportunities. There are prospects in future for the start of sub-orbital passenger space flight operations from newly- developed commercial spaceports. Thus in order to maximize the benefits of this opportunity the public in many countries have to compel their governments to make relevant institutional changes which are needed to overcome the long stagnation of space activities maintained by the space agencies only and their clients who profit fro m present arrangements.Space tourism contains aspects of space transportation, manned space flight, and commercialization of outer space. Considering the loopholes in the existing laws there is an immediate need for a regulation, be it a treaty, to deal and cover conflicts and disputes that may arise. On these lines, there have been efforts made to create an agreement, to mention one, e.g. the Draft Convention on Manned Space Flight. Moreover, the approach of international space law needs to be the right way re-defined and reconsidered to enable private enterprises to directly perform such commercial activities.The time has come to recognize that, far from being an eccentric or even misguided fringe activity, space travel and tourism should already be the mainstream and it would have been but for the huge economic and social deviations caused by the rimy war. But instead of being the passive victims of history specifically of unhappy incidents such as the cold war which destroy ed vast quantities of resources, killed millions of people, and mischievously stunned the development of the space industry to turn the focus on missiles and expendable launch vehicles developed from them. Initially this increased the rate of development of expendable rockets capable of delivering heavy payloads to orbit, and thereby increased the rate of first crewed flights to orbit. The after effect of this, was, that, civician space activities based on expendable vehicles became a victim of cold war politics, and are still dominated by government space agencies political agendas, rather than generating economic value.The growth of Space Tourism Movement, which can be reasonably called so, is going to have a huge beneficial cultural effect, which will widen human horizons as appropriate for the 21st century. Under its influence, space development is going to resume its original meaning of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government- selected technology for use in space, generally without economic benefit. And the space age will have its original meaning of the period when people go to space as passengers, customers, employees, operators, managers and tenants but for government employees. As such, tourism is not going to be just a small part of future space activity, a small-scale activity even made smaller by government space agencies it is going to be the mainstream and highlighted space activity. Already it should have been the main focus of the government agencies by now. It is an extraordinary and a non performing idea that private citizens traveling to and from space should not be the main activity in space. The idea that government knows damp than the general public as to how their money should be spent is fundamentally a Soviet one28. But even after consuming $1 trillion on government space activities with no commensurate economic benefit to taxpayers, it is high time for the general public to insist that this mistaken policy be reframed and their demands be made significant to space development, as they are in aviation industry.Research orderology Impact of US Press on PakistanResearch Methodology Impact of US Press on PakistanCHAPTER 3RESEARCH methodologyAPPROACHES softQualitative research is exploratory, and it is used when we dont know what to suppose, to describe the problem or develop a slant to the problem. Its also used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore tones related to the problem at hand. Common selective information collection methods used in soft research is focus groups, in-depth interviews, continuous observation, bulletin boards, and ethnographic contribution/observation.Qualitative methods that pronounce the properties of an event associated to the creator, or by using the expressive interpretations of wry experience. Qualitative researchers, through the participants own reference frame social phenomenon is consecrate to considerate and inve stigation of how the world experience. Qualitative methods is a basic tout of human communication language will persist and as close as possible to the interpretation and understanding of a key in the map. Common qualitative methods, participatory action research, interview, observation, and qualitative case consider (Evans, 2007).QuantitativeQuantitative research is conclusive research in its determination as it attempts to stripe the problem and understand how predominant it is by looking for projectable results to a big population. In Quantitative research we collect data through surveys (online, phone, paper), assessments, points of using up and click-streams.Quantitative research is systematic empirical field of operation of social phenomena through statistical, numerical data or computational techniques, and numerical.The determination of quantitative research is to produce and apply mathematical models, theories and/or assumptions pertaining to phenomena. In quantitat ive research procedure of measurements necessary because it creates the association among empirical observation and mathematical building of quantitative familys. Quantitative data is every data that is in mathematical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. (Lisa, 2008).In the field of media studies, depth psychology of frame of reference can be a place where discourse outline and center summary, typically by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. (Neuendorf, 2002).In fact, main purpose of this drive is to check over the US Policy towards Pakistan and India and framing in American newspapers therefore researcher used qualitative as well as quantitative approach to analyze the inclination of US press towards Pakistan and India in the selected newspapers.For this purpose researcher used content analysis as method of aim. Qualitative content analysis is a uncontrollable and critical procedure for examining or evaluating the written material. This means that resu lts cover version a wide range of qualities have been attained using the method. essence analysis is a broadly used qualitative research technique. (Potter Levine-Donnerstein, 1999Sandelowski, 1995a, Hsiehand Shannon, 2005) subject matter AnalysisContent analysis is a quantitative, systematic, and objective technique for describing the evident content of communications (Berelson, 1952).RESEARCH QUESTIONSThis study will examine the inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India in the US Editorial study, Studied the two tip US youthfulspapers the New York Times and the Washington Post. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious and leading newspapers of US. It is also said that these newspaper are the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world.The main questions of the Study areWhat are t he impacts of the American press relevant to the takes of Pakistan in their inclination towards India?What are the impacts of the American press related to the Issues in Pakistan in their inclination towards Pakistan?Research DesignHansen Cottle (1998) propose that researchers should not only consider which the most appropriate method for their study is but also what conclave of research methods might produce a better and deeper understanding of it. The aim should always be to choose those methods, or combination of methods, which can elaborate the most angles and dimensions of what are invariably multidimensional and labyrinthian processes and phenomena (Hansen, A. Cottle, S. 1998). Keeping in view the nature and requirement of this study, content analysis, the study is mainly a content analysis, which observed both qualitatively and quantitatively the Inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India In some issues in The New York Times and the Washington Post Last 3 Yea rswater system issueIndo-Pak peaceful relations (Trade, Showbiz, Sports)Kashmir issueGas blood line atomic powerTerrorismOthers/ conglomerate4. MethodologyContent analysis method is adopted to conduct this study because having limited time or resources researcher only can manage to observe the newspapers, other methods for this study are more time and resources consuming. Content analysis produces a relatively systematic and comprehensive summary of overview of the data set as whole, sometimes incorporating a quantitative element. (Reference)Content AnalysisBernard Berelson defined Content Analysis as a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communications (Berelson, 74).Content analysis is a method for scientifically exploring written, oral or pictorial communication. It provides a quantitative (numerical) explanation. Many content analyses comprise media impress (newspapers, magazines), video, movies, television, t he Internet. Holsti (1969) compromises a comprehensive definition of content analysis as, any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages (p. 14).Kerlinger (1986) has defined it as content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables, (cited in Wimmer, 1994163-164)Content of the two newspapers, New York Times and Washington Post canvass for this study for three year. (From January 2011 to December 2013) because data availability is possible in these years relevant to my topic thats why I choice that specific time period. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious newspapers of US and also the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world. The content analysis of the editorial is the ..rationale for the Selection of the Two NewspapersHo (1962) defines prestige newspapers by two standards(a) flavour of news reports and(b) The influence on other media and political elites.According to this definition of prestige newspapers, The New York Times and The Washington Post are selected for this study both for quality and influence.According to Izadi (2007), The New York Times, and The Washington Post are deliberated prestige newspapers and all two are amongst the main media outlets in the United States. He transcripts that these are also leading newspapers regarding the coverage of international events.1.2. population and Sampling communityPopulation is the broad class of units that are to be covered in a hypothesis and it can also be defined as the units to which the findings of a specific study might be generalized (Neuman). Target population is the aggregation of units from which sample is actually selectedP opulation for this study will be all the editorials published in The New York Times and The Washington Post three year.SamplingA sample distribution element is the unit of analysis or a case in a population (Neuman).A process of drawing representative elements from the bigger population or universe is called sampling. Obvious advantage of sampling is especially savings in time and money. (Cited in Khel, 200048)By using purposive sampling researcher will take only those editorials which are related to the issues of Pakistan mentioned above. The editorials of the New York Times and The Washington Post were rescued from the E-Newspapers. January 2011 to December 2013. Editorials are deliberated the official view of a newspaper. According to Henry and Tator (2002), editorial study verifies to be very important when analyzing the ideological role of news media. The data for this research study include all editorials using the word -Pakistan- in the headline or lead paragraph in the sele cted newspapers from Jan 2011 to Dec 2013. each(prenominal) editorial was coded in terms of topic, frame, Slant and length.Sample SizeIn this study sample size mean editorials related to US foreign policy towards Pakistan and India in certain time period for analysis. Researcher selected the time period from January 2011 to December 2013 and selected Newspapers are the New York Times and The Washington Post.Unit of AnalysisIn this study unit of analysis is editorial because newspaper consists on many content. Therefore, researcher selected the particular unit for study. Also broad unit creates the problem for researcher as well as believability and validity.Time periodAll the editorials of the above mentioned newspapers from January 2011 to December 2013 are used in this study.Categories and DirectionsThe categories are the heart of the content analysis. The collection of the data becomes possible and easy through the structure of the categories. A category in content analysis is a set of criteria or a measure, which are unified round a theme or a value (Sarandakos, 1998 281).These Categories are prepared for the current study the following categories are helped to find and investigate the US inclination towards Pakistan and India during the selected time period and also explore the relationship between both countries are positive or negative, favor or disfavor, foe or friend in the perspective of American press. The categories are followingA. Gas PipelineB. Kashmir DisputeC. Pak-Indo Peace RelationD. body of water IssueE. Nuclear PowerF. TerrorismG. Others/ miscellaneousThe editorials regarding the above mentioned categories are treated to check the following directionsPositive/Supportive/ Favorable (+)Negative/ exact/ Unfavorable (-)Neutral (1)Favorable any(prenominal) editorial is considered Favorable (+) if its stance is positive about Pak-India relations.UnfavorableAny editorial is considered as Unfavorable, (-) which is negative in tone or its stance is negative about Pak-India relations.NeutralAny editorial is deliberated as neutral (0) if the content of the editorial portrays faint spotlight of an issue or shows a balance of both positive and negative arguments regarding Pak-India relations.Issues descriptionsWar on TerrorismTerrorism was an old phenomenon. About extend two to three decades ago, terrorism was generally arose due to native issues and go with by small groups that coveted to draw consideration to their origin through terrorist actions. It was formulated to finish a few but catch the attending of huge spectators. Currently, Terrorism is an ideologically driven phenomenon, its agenda is not butt against to one country, and it is universal in charisma. The multinational flora of terrorism has led the governments to adopt new policies and improve collective regional efforts.After the 9/11 activity in America, the American administration stated an international war on terror, including open and secret military o perations, new safe regulation, determinations to slab the financing of terrorism, and much more. America called all other countries to join this war against terrorism emphasizing that either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. Most of the countries join this fight against terrorism, often implementing strict new laws, lifting long-standing legal protections and marching up native policing and intelligence work.Critics protest that the war against terrorism is an political theory of fear and repression that creates enemies and promotes violence rather than mitigating acts of terrorism and to strengthen the security. The global scat has too often displaced an excuse for governments, opposition groups and ignores international law and civil liberties to be. Governments should combat terrorism through international cooperation with international law and respect for civil liberties and human rights. Governments should also consider the causes of terrorism, in particular political alienation address by prejudice, state-sponsored violence and poverty.Kashmir DisputeGas PipelinePak-Indo Peaceful RelationNuclear PowerWater IssueOthers / MiscellaneousOperationalization1.4. Data Analysis and InterpretationThe following categories are to be analyzed for the study in hand whereA represents Nuclear PowerB represents Kashmir DisputeC represents Pak-Indo Peaceful RelationD represents Water IssueE represents Gas PipelineF represents TerrorismG represents others/ Miscellaneous