Defining and Measuring Crime and Deviance.

Defining and Measuring Crime and Deviance. Free Online Research Papers This assignment will discuss the problems between crime and deviance, what counts as crime and deviance and how it varies with place and time. It will include the difference and similarities and give examples of defining crime and deviance. Finally the essay moves on to looking at how to identify why official statistics do not reflect in today’s society and may not be totally accurate. Crime is usually looked upon as an infringement of criminal law where as deviance has a vast and wider approach to crime and is consequently much harder to define. Crime is not a naturally occurring phenomenon it is manmade and more significantly, they are influenced by powerful groups within society. (Doherty, M.2005 page9) The simplest way of defining crime is to present it as something that is totally against the law and punishable by the state. For example, in this country the sale and consumption of alcohol to under 18 year olds (minors) is against the law and it can carry a heavy fine and penalty. Drugs in Britain are illegal and can carry a severe sentence such as imprisonment. (www.sociology.org.uk) In the 1960’s legislation decriminalised aspects of homosexuality, abortion and prostitution at one point they were classed as criminal but they are no longer categorised as crime. (Croall.H 1998 page5). Abortion is still an issue even though it’s no longer classed as crime, cultures criteria vary from country to country. Attitudes to homosexuality and abortions have changed dramatically, but is still frowned upon by those who still think it is morally wrong and its society who decide if it’s acceptable or not, as you can see crime and deviance are both social constructions and they can vary between cultures and time. (www.womansphere.com) Deviance is a non conformist behaviour which society in general frowns upon as it transcends away from the social norms. Deviance may result in formal or informal punishment or stigmatisation (negatively viewed and scorned by others) for example Goths are seen as deviant as they go against social norms. (www.tutor2u.net) Crime is usually looked upon as a violation of criminal law whereas deviance has a wider approach to crime and is therefore much harder to define. Rape and murder are defined as criminal and deviant, so the problems that have escalated over time concerning crime and deviance are what one could define as crime may in another one’s mind be defined as deviant. Therefore it is true to say that not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is crime it could be neither or both (www.ruthssociology.com) Crime is a behaviour that is against the law, which in fact can carry a heavier punishment than the punishment of deviance itself. Having looked at the problems in defining crime and deviance, this essay will now move onto looking at the difficulties in measuring crime. Official crime statistics are collated by the government and compiled by the home office every 6 months; they gather the statistics from all the police forces in England and Wales for the previous year, so it can achieve a better understanding of the trends in crime. The home office looks at the different uses of official statistics, by monitoring trends, looking at different areas- for example is there likely to be more obscurity with gangs in under privileged areas, than in upper class areas. Comparing age groups, monitoring how effective policing is – are there enough police, community police officers and specials out on the beat to deter the problems that may occur. (www.homeoffice.gov.uk). The difficulties concerning crime statistics are that they do not always include figures from other agencies, for example The British Transport Police, The Ministry of Defence, The Inland Revenue, Customs and Excise and The Department of Social Security. The statistics do not include those that are detected by private security agencies such as store detectives. (www.homeoffice.gov.uk). Racial crime is soaring, and goes unreported for the reason that the victims live in fear of reprisals, if they report the incident. It will often go unreported since the victims feel they have no confidence in the police and see’s reporting the incident as pointless. For criminal offences to make its way into the statistics then these things must happen for that crime to be reported. Somebody must be aware that a crime has taken place, then that crime must be reported and the police must accept that a law has been broken. The statistics do not include crime that the public do not report or are unaware of. If a particular crime does not get recorded or goes undetected because of certain situations as some may see it as too trivial, even feeling embarrassed or afraid of reprisals for example a stolen purse, a man that has been raped, or someone complaining about a gang member, (Jacobs, M 2006 page 19) Identity fraud is another main problem, as the victims are oblivious that they are actually the victim of this horrendous crime until maybe years down the line or when they apply for credit etc. Incidents like these are rarely reported so it then just becomes another â€Å"dark figure of crime† so that can question the reliability of the crime statistics. (Jacobs, M 2006 page 19) Another problem that affects crime statistics is white collar crime. As quoted by (Sutherland: cited in lexisnexis.com) White collar crime has been defined as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. White collar crime is committed by people who have responsibility and if they did get to court then it was showing few and far between in the statistics. White collar crime is very different from conventional every day crime as it can be a non-violent offence as the victims can sometimes be unaware. (sociologyguide.com) In conclusion this essay has shown the main problems involved in measuring crime and deviance. It is imperative for society to know that different police forces classify crimes differently, and crimes vary within different areas, time and generations’, and that the main reason crime statistics are hard to measure is due to the dark figure. So it is significant that official crime statistics are not to be taken at face value. 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Research Investigation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research Investigation - Dissertation Example The state-of-the art facilities and other tourism infrastructure including stadiums, malls and urban transportation have greatly promoted the tourist sector, registering economic strides, generating a powerful multiplier effect on the economy. This positive growth in the economy has helped solve Dubai debt crisis in the United Arab Emirates region. Government debt crisis has been at the verge of increasing with companies like Dubai World claiming that they need more time to repay their debt installments. However, the economic turn point in tourism development has greatly contributed in managing Dubai debt crisis. This study aimed at examining the economic impact of tourism in Dubai and impact on its debt crisis. The research involved the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. A survey in questionnaires that would compare with UK tourists and Chinese tourists to Dubai was conducted. The researcher interviewed approximately ten students with knowledge about the Dubai economy and tourism. The primary data and secondary data was collected, analyzed and interpreted in graphs and charts. Increased growth of Dubai tourism sector has positive impact on the economy, helping in managing the debt crisis. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for Research Study Over the last three decades, Dubai’s economy was largely dependent and operated by oil and real estate, resulting to minimal sources of economic resources to drive the economy forward. Lack of diversification in industries to reduce the economic risks of a retrogressive economy and the economic powerhouse of Dubai should concentrate on diversified economic activities such as tourism, which will steer the economy forward and help reduce the economic crisis of Dubai especially on debt. The emerging global levels of tourism in the foreseeable future in Dubai are likely to contribute positively to Dubai economy, raising the economic gains of Dubai. Given the significant impact of touri sm on the economy of Dubai in a wider spectrum, accurate forecast of the demand for the tourism services is a fundamental aspect that will remain a key driver in alleviating and solving Dubai economic crisis of debt 1.2 Problem statement The study intends to address the key issue of economic significance of tourism plus its influence on the debt crisis of Dubai. The research will be embedded in addressing the tourism sector and demonstrating how progressive it has been for the past years and critically examine the economic value of it and bring out its importance in solving the economic crisis of Dubai’s debt. Unlike other Emirates of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is not endowed with rich oil resources. Dubai in the process of attracting investors from around the world, developed and spent a lot of money on building roads and star hotels among other infrastructural developments to woo the international entrepreneurs. For various reasons, an economic crisis was evident with real estate investment collapsing. 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives 1.3.1 Research Aim The aim of this research study is to examine the economic impact of tourism in Dubai and its impact on its debt crisis. 1.3.2 Research Objectives The research will accordingly be directed by the following specific objectives. 1. To identify the tourism development of Dubai destination. 2. To identify the

Social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social work - Essay Example Difference of skin color is a major factor that affects the social and economic status of individuals in our society. This essay will take into account the impact of poverty on the life of black individuals suffering from a mental health condition. A deep insight into the causes of poverty will allow a better understanding of the nature of the issue. The work will also attempt to establish whether poverty is structural or pathological; an aspect that can provide insight into the ways that can be utilized to eradicate poverty. The essay emphasizes the need to make mental health services easily accessible to service users that belong to the selected social class i.e. black individuals suffering mental health issues. Social exclusion refers to the marginalization that is experienced by certain disadvantaged classes of a society due to their social, educational, political, and economic or health backgrounds. Individual belonging to such classes are generally deprived of access to resources that are otherwise available to all other classes of the society. One of the most common themes in this regard is income or social inequality. According to Hirsch, Davis &Smith (2009), it is a process through which some  groups have been discriminated on issues which relate to caste, creed, race, religion, gender disability, or other personal status. As far as the mentally ill black individuals are concerned, their deprivation possibly stem from two major factors: 1) their inability to function normally due to mental condition 2) their compromised social and economic status. Most black individuals having mental health conditions are unable to function in a normal fashion. For this reason they are unable to avail job opportunities that are otherwise available to common people. For many black citizens within UK, an incurable mental problem has a highly

Leadership Approach Paper Essay Example for Free

Leadership Approach Paper Essay Organizational behavior comes into play to aid management in enhancing their understanding of human behavior within organizations to better communicate, allocate resources, delegate tasks, plan, organize, direct, and control work activities. The main purpose of understanding organizational behavior is to increase leadership effectiveness, motivate workers, and inspire them to work toward a common objective. Although there are many leadership approaches, we will focus on the situational leadership approach. We will analyze the purpose, strengths and weaknesses of the situational leadership approach, and provide an example of how it can be applied to real situations. Situational Leadership Approach As it name suggests, the situational leadership approach states that leaders should use different approaches as situations change. In short, leaders should be flexible, embrace change as it comes, and be capable of adapting to it. The situational leadership approach is a model that was developed by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey in 1972. The theory states that leaders should match their leadership style to the maturity of followers and to the specific tasks on hand (Lerstrom, 2008). As people within organizations acquire more experience and become more knowledgeable about their job, leaders will need to adapt new leadership styles to keep these people motivated. According to May (2013) the core concept of the situational leadership approach is that â€Å"one size does not fit all†. The best leaders are not only those who have a vision, but â€Å"the most successful leaders are the ones who are able to adapt their leadership styles across a broad range of varying maturity levels readily present within the average organization (May, 2013). † Moreover, using the situational leadership approach suggests that leaders use a mix of other leadership approaches to be effective. According to Phatak (2012), â€Å"The philosophy of a leader should be flexible enough to adapt to situations and changing times. We need a mixture of transactional and transformational leadership techniques to get the job done. The basic idea behind this theory is that one must adapt strategy with changing conditions. † Strengths As mentioned earlier, situational leadership allows for more flexibility. As the world evolves, organizations have to make adjustments to survive. Tomasco (2013) states that with the situational leadership approach, leaders get the opportunity to adapt their leadership style to their followers’ needs. Consequently, as leaders effectively match their leadership style to situations and followers’ needs, work activities will run smoothly, interactions will be more successful, relationships will be built up, and followers will achieve optimum performance. Weaknesses Although the situational leadership approach appears to be the best course of action due to its flexibility, it has weaknesses that one cannot ignore. Phatak (2012) explains that constantly changing strategies with time, a leader will find it difficult to implement new strategies on the go. A long term vision may elude him due to constant changes. † Further, Wile (2013) identifies four weaknesses of the situational leadership approach which are confusion, leadership or management, outside factors, and perception. Indeed, followers may become confused as leaders change a newly implemented leadership strategy as a result of changing conditions. The situational leadership approach is often misconstrued with a management strategy to lead employees to achieve better outcomes. One cannot downplay the impact external factors have on organizations and organizational behavior. Leaders should demonstrate their ability to understand the organization’s external environment and to assess followers’ behavior to implement a leadership approach that will work. Finally, people within organizations have different perceptions and react differently in similar situations. Hence, the situational leadership approach may not give accurate predictions of followers’ behavior. Situational Leadership Approach in Real Life Alan Lerstrom from Luther College did a case study using the situational leadership approach in which he demonstrated how academic advisors can alter their leadership style based on students’ maturity as they advance higher in their studies. Lerstrom applied the Hersey and Blanchard’s model of situational leadership in the case study. The model suggests that effective leaders will adjust their leadership styles in accordance with changing situations and followers’ maturity. According to Lerstrom (2008), Jay, the student in the case study began showing signs of maturity as he better understood the major he wanted to pursue and classes he needed to enroll in. Also, Jay became more confident about his abilities, understood the requirements associated with his major, and was more willing to communicate with the advisor. â€Å"Situational leadership provide theoretical and practical tools that help advisors in understanding changes in the readiness levels of their students, and it suggests patterns for relating to students (Lerstrom, 2008, p. 7). † Conclusion Situational leadership is the approach that states that leaders must be flexible enough to adapt their leadership styles to changing situations, to specific tasks, and to organizational behavior. This study showed that although the situational leadership approach yields positive outcomes it has weaknesses. Thus, it is important to leverage the strengths of the approach to alleviate its weaknesses. For increased effectiveness, leaders will need to use organizational behavior research methods to better understand the situations at hand, their followers’ perceptions, and the organization’s internal and external environments. This method will provide guidance in applying the appropriate leadership style. References Lerstrom, A. C. Advising Jay: A Case Study Using a Situational Leadership Approach. NACADA Journal; Fall2008, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p21-27, 7p May, R. (2013). Basics of the Situational Leadership Model. Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/article/724/basics-of-the-situational-leade rship-model/ Phatak, O. (June 20, 2012). Pros and Cons of Leadership Theories.

Anti-Slavery Issue and Childrens Magazines: 1820-1860 Essay -- Slavery

Anti-Slavery Issue and Children's Magazines: 1820-1860   By the 1820’s the issue of slavery in the southern states had become fraught with controversy. It was by no means a clear-cut difference between Northern and Southern states; many Southerners were against it and many Northerners tolerated it, feeling it was a problem that the South must solve. Most early anti-slavery societies, though, arose in the North and many made efforts to spread their views by publishing. William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator, published weekly between 1831 and 1865, had a Juvenile Department; the paper became the organ for the American Anti-Slavery Society which Garrison started in 1833.   Among the earliest children’s magazines was the Juvenile Miscellany (hereafter   JM), begun and edited by Lydia Maria Child, and published in Boston from 1826-1834. It included occasional pieces that dealt with the problem of slavery; Child herself was an ardent abolitionist, but the slavery issue was inflammatory, and to keep her subscription base with the parents and grandparents who paid for it, the problem had to be treated with caution.   Another early periodical, The Slave’s Friend (hereafter TSF), appeared in 1836, published by the New York Anti-Slavery Society; it was specifically addressed to young readers and included abolitionist fiction, poetry, and articles. Like the Liberator it was published not only for the already-converted, but also in hopes of influencing the lukewarm and undecided. There was no question of its single-minded intent.   While TSF and JM had relatively brief runs,   the Youth’s Companion (hereafter YC)   ran for over a century, from 1827-1929, starting as a weekly family newspaper and later aimed strictly at the young. Its edito... ...New York Anti-Slavery Society,   1836-38.   Youth’s Companion, ed. Nathaniel Willis, 1827-1929.   Anonymous.  Ã‚   Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom’s Cabin.   Boston: John P.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jewett and Co., 1853.    Secondary Sources   MacLeod, Anne Scott.  Ã‚   A Moral Tale: Children’s Fiction and American Culture,  Ã‚   1820-1860.   Hamden:   Shoe String Press-Archon, 1975.   Taketani, Etsuko.   â€Å"The ‘omnipresent aunt’ and the social child: Lydia Maria  Ã‚  Ã‚   Child’s juvenile miscellany.†Ã‚   Children’s Literature 27 (1999):   22-39.   Yankee Doodle’s Literary Sampler of Prose, Poetry, and Pictures, Being an  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anthology of Diverse Works Published for the Edification and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Entertainment of Young Readers in America Before 1900.  Ã‚   Selected from  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Rare Book Collections of the Library of Congress and Introduced by  Ã‚  Ã‚   Virginia Hamilton and Margaret N. Coughlan.   NY:   Crowell, 1974.

Play a View from the Bridge Essay

This play a View from the Bridge raises many complex issues. Like the fact, that Beatrice’s cousins maybe found out by the immigration services and the fact that Eddie is overprotective over Catharine but Beatrice wants her to grow up. In addition, the way Eddie objects to Rodolpho’s appearance and manner. The biggest problem Beatrice has is that there seems to be no romance in there sex life no more. She feels that there is no sex life.  It becomes clear from the very beginning that Eddie has worries about his wife’s visitors from Italy. He fears that Catharine maybe putting her self out too much for her guests which maybe be a little true. The reader can tell he has these concerns when eddies says â€Å"Beatrice, all I’m worried about is you got such a heart that I’ll end up on the floor with you and they’ll be in our bed† Act One Pg 8  This statement shows that he is not just worried about his own well being he also worried that his wife maybe to kind to notice when people are taken advantage of her.  Beside that, he is worried about his reputation in his local community. He wishes to be seen as a local hero around his community, but I think as soon as he realized that his new guests maybe a threat to reputation for two reasons. The first being that Rudolph is courting Catharine and Eddie feels that inappropriate because in courting Catharine, Rudolph is drawing the wrong kind of attention to himself. This worries Eddie that the immigration may find them out and arrest him. Therefore loosing his reputation as the rock in the community. The other worry on eddies mind is that Catharine is growing up to fast and is very overprotective over her. In everything, she does, he is always protesting and making things difficult an example of this is when he asked her why she was all dressed up and where she is going. In addition, he shows his overprotective nature when Rodolpho decides that he has sexual feelings towards Catharine. He was doing everything in his power to prevent there wedding or there progression of there relationship. He made arguments. For example in act one tried to teach Rodolpho how to box just to pick a fight with him. He even went to extremes and kissed him to prove that Rodolpho was gay. As if that was not enough he also kissed Catharine, which showed his love and caring nature towards her, but it may also show that he may have more sexual feelings than a parental love for her.  Eddie is a very old-fashioned man he believes that men should dress and act in a certain manner. To Eddie Rodolpho does not act in that manner. Eddie has his own theory that Rudolph is a homosexual. Tries to prove his theory many times. Every time failing to prove his point. Much to his embarrassment in the end, it provoked him to try to stab Rudolph and Marco. The biggest problem is that the romance between Beatrice and Eddie do not have that much romance in there life. In the beginning of the play there is barley any romance between the two by the end the pair have no love for each other at all. The main wedge between them is Catharine. She has become a wedge between them because Eddie through out the play developing feelings for Catharine romantic and otherwise. Making Eddie grow ever more distant from Beatrice. This probably made Beatrice feel unwanted and a little bit jealous. She had hostile feeling toward Eddie when the hostile feeling should be towards Catharine. The only thing she had to say to Catharine is that she has to grow up. Whereas when she confronted Eddie about it, he just shrugged it off with â€Å"it’s complicated†. This statement may have made Beatrice feel alone and unwanted.  In conclusion Eddie drove him self to a state of madness and drove his family to a point of hatred. He has forced his family to despise him. To the point of wanting to cause him, harm. Even though the main two women in his life still love, him they may feel over protected and to controlled.

I Had A Great Time Of Ministry - 1783 Words

Philippians 2:1-4: It’s Not About You Let s take our Bibles and turn to Philippians chapter 2 as tonight we will begin looking at the first four verses looking at spiritual unity looking at the local church. Intro: I had a great time in the DR as I said it was my first mission’s trip and went with my church from back home, many people that I love and care for deeply. In fact, my mentor was there, a pastor who I have known over these past six years who mentored and discipled me. It was a great time of ministry, we did a lot of evangelism and it was a great time of ministry for us there in the DR. When we first began ministry in the cities and villages they would not allow us to come in and now because of our relationships and what we have done for them, they not only allow us to come in, but we can sit down and share the gospel with them. They are very open and receptive and now they have planted a church in one of the villages and there is a pastor. Even though it is small they said since the church had been planted there was many changes within the villagers, people are nicer, people help them out. You can see the impact that s been done since we started ministry there 3 years ag o. So we praise God for that. Tonight we want to look at Philippians 2 and I said we are going to be studying spiritual unity within the local church. This is a very significant problem today in our churches--a lack of unity. And we have to ask ourselves why that is? In fact I have titled thisShow MoreRelated4 MAT Book Review Clinton1448 Words   |  6 PagesHe makes it very clear, throughout the book that effective ministry flows from who we are and not just what we do. A major part of the book is on how God develops a leader over time. Many young leaders don’t understand that there is a process that one has to go through in order to lead others. That process does not happen overnight. In fact the process never stops. 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